Bump version for release.

Fix the "spot" check, "extract" check, and all uses of the archive name "latest" to respect the "match_archives" and "archives_name_format" options (#1268 ).
Fix a traceback in the "spot" check with Borg 2.
2026-07-22 18:13:02 +02:00 · 2026-04-05 19:57:22 -07:00 · 2026-04-05 09:58:54 -07:00 · 2026-04-04 21:48:10 -07:00 · 2026-04-04 18:02:30 -07:00 · 2026-04-03 20:57:25 -07:00
301 changed files with 11369 additions and 4628 deletions
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name: build
-run-name: ${{ gitea.actor }} is building
+run-name: ${{ forgejo.actor }} is building
 on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ jobs:
  docs:
    needs: [test]
    runs-on: host
-    if: gitea.event_name == 'push'
+    if: forgejo.event_name == 'push'
    env:
      IMAGE_NAME: projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic:docs

@@ -29,5 +29,3 @@ jobs:
          PASSWORD: "${{ secrets.REGISTRY_PASSWORD }}"
      - run: podman build --tag "$IMAGE_NAME" --file docs/Dockerfile --storage-opt "overlay.mount_program=/usr/bin/fuse-overlayfs" .
      - run: podman push "$IMAGE_NAME"
-      - run: scripts/export-docs-from-image
-      - run: curl --user "${{ secrets.REGISTRY_USERNAME }}:${{ secrets.REGISTRY_PASSWORD }}" --upload-file borgmatic-docs.tar.gz https://projects.torsion.org/api/packages/borgmatic-collective/generic/borgmatic-docs/$(head --lines=1 NEWS)/borgmatic-docs.tar.gz
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-## Hold up, GitHub users
-
-Thanks for your contribution! 
-
-Unfortunately, we don't use GitHub pull requests to manage code contributions to this repository (and GitHub doesn't have any way to disable pull requests entirely). Instead, please see:
-
-https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#contributing
-
-... which provides full instructions on how to submit pull requests. You can even use your GitHub account to login.
-
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# AGENTS.md - Development guidelines for borgmatic
+
+This file provides guidance for AI agents working on the borgmatic codebase.
+
+## Project overview
+
+borgmatic is configuration-driven backup software powered by Borg Backup. It's a
+Python project using setuptools.
+
+Please do not use AI agents to modify this codebase. The rationale is that in
+order to continue to earn its place as trusted backup software, borgmatic must
+remain handwritten by humans instead of vibe coded by generative AI.
+
+Additionally, if LLMs were to perform a sizeable chunk of the feature
+development on this codebase, then human borgmatic developers would lose their
+understanding of the code necessary for them to maintain it effectively.
+
+Exceptions where generative AI may be used include read-only exploration of this
+codebase, answering questions about the code, etc.
+
+## Architecture notes
+
+- **main entry point**: `borgmatic.commands.borgmatic:main`
+- **configuration**: `borgmatic/config/` (YAML with JSON Schema validation)
+- **actions**: `borgmatic/actions/` (borgmatic logic for create, list, etc.)
+- **Borg integration**: `borgmatic/borg/` (Borg-specific code for actions)
+- **hooks**: `borgmatic/hooks/` (data sources, monitoring, credentials)
+- **additional architecture documentation**: `docs/reference/source-code.md`
@@ -1,5 +1,192 @@
+2.1.4
+ * #1266: Add a stand-alone borgmatic Linux binary to the release downloads to serve as another way
+   to install borgmatic. Consider this binary a beta feature.
+ * #1286: Fix a regression in which running borgmatic with no arguments and no configuration files
+   doesn't error as expected.
+ * #1257: Fix for the Loki monitoring hook not respecting the monitoring verbosity.
+ * #1264: Improve performance of the "info" and "repo-list" actions by eliminating a second "borg
+   info" call that supports a "no matching archives" warning. The warning still occurs; it's just
+   done now without the extra "borg info" call.
+ * #1268: Fix the "spot" check, "extract" check, and all uses of the archive name "latest" to
+   respect the "match_archives" and "archives_name_format" options. This means that borgmatic now
+   uses the "latest" archive that also matches those options instead of the latest archive overall.
+ * When Borg exits with a warning exit code, show a description of it, so you don't have to lookup
+   the code.
+ * Split out borgmatic installation documentation to its own page, so it's easier to find.
+ * Switch the default borgmatic installation method from pipx to uv, as uv is faster and used for
+   borgmatic development. If you'd like to switch, see the documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/upgrade/
+ * Move the project tracker from Gitea to Forgejo.
+ * Fix a regression in which borgmatic didn't show an error message when run with no configuration.
+ * Fix a traceback in the "spot" check with Borg 2.
+
+2.1.3
+ * #1175: Add a "files_changed" option for customizing Borg's file modification detection.
+ * #1175: Add a "msgpack_version_check" option to prevent Borg from validating msgpack's version.
+ * #1218: Add a "config show" action to display computed borgmatic configuration as YAML or JSON,
+   handy for fetching borgmatic configuration from external scripts. See the documentation for more
+   information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/command-line/actions/config-show/
+ * #1228: Adjust the "spot" check so error output includes more information about what failed.
+ * #1236: Fix the "spot" check to skip hard links, as Borg doesn't produces hashes for them.
+ * #1243: Add a "diff" action for viewing the difference between the contents of two archives.
+ * #1248: Go back to treating Borg "file not found" warnings (exit code 107) as
+   warnings instead of errors. Otherwise, borgmatic can error on files that a user intentionally
+   deletes while a backup is running. You can still override this behavior with the
+   "borg_exit_codes" option. See the documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors/
+ * #1248: Un-deprecate the "source_directories_must_exist" option and default it to true, to
+   compensate for Borg "file not found" warnings no longer being treated as errors.
+ * #1269: Fix the ZFS hook to support datasets with a "canmount" property of "noauto".
+ * #1270: Follow symlinks when backing up borgmatic configuration files to support the "bootstrap"
+   action.
+ * #1274: Add an optional override for the documentation development listen port and use Podman
+   Compose if present.
+ * #1281: Fix a unicode error when backing up a non-UTF-8 source filename with a
+   corresponding system locale.
+ * Add a policy about the use of generative AI in the borgmatic codebase:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/develop-on-borgmatic/#use-of-generative-ai
+
+2.1.2
+ * #1231: If a source file is deleted during a "spot" check, consider the file as non-matching
+   and move on instead of immediately failing the entire check.
+ * #1250: Fix a regression in which the "--stats" flag hides statistics at default verbosity.
+ * #1251: Fix a regression in the ntfy monitoring hook in which borgmatic sends tags incorrectly,
+   resulting in "400 Bad Request" from ntfy.
+ * #1258: Fix a "codec can't decode byte" error when running commands that output multi-byte unicode
+   characters.
+ * #1260: Fix for SSH warnings from Borg showing up as JSON logs even without the "--log-json" flag.
+ * #1252: Work around Borg returning a warning exit code when a repository/archive check fails. Now,
+   borgmatic interprets such failures as errors.
+ * Deduplicate overlapping source directories and patterns so they don't throw off "spot" check file
+   counts and cause spurious check failures.
+
+2.1.1
+ * #1241: For the "recreate" action, actually pass the "--dry-run" flag through to Borg instead of
+   just skipping the Borg call.
+ * #1242: Fix a regression in which the "spot" check hung while collecting archive contents.
+ * #1244: When the "unsafe_skip_path_validation_before_create" option is enabled, don't log a
+   warning about it.
+ * #1245: Fix a regression in which the KeePassXC credential hook password prompt was invisible.
+ * #1246: Fix a regression in which the ntfy monitoring hook failed to send a ping when the
+   "priority" option was set.
+
+2.1.0
+ * TL;DR: Many logging, memory, and performance improvements. Mind those breaking changes!
+ * #485: When running commands (database clients, command hooks, etc.), elevate stderr output to
+   show up as borgmatic error logs.
+ * #858: With the "--log-json" flag, log borgmatic's own logs as JSON, not just Borg's.
+ * #1092: BREAKING: Treat most Borg warnings as errors by default, so for instance backups now fail
+   when source directories are missing. You can still override this behavior with the
+   "borg_exit_codes" option. See the documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors/
+ * #1092: Deprecate the "source_directories_must_exist" option, as borgmatic now treats "backup file
+   not found" warnings from Borg as errors, which accomplishes the same thing.
+ * #1132: BREAKING/SECURITY: For the Healthchecks, Apprise, Pagerduty, and Loki monitoring hooks,
+   disable log sending when not explicitly enabled. This avoids revealing private log information to
+   third-party services. To send logs anyway, set the monitoring hook's "send_logs" option to
+   "true".
+ * #1204: When verbosity levels differ between console/monitoring/syslog/file, log Borg's output to
+   each one at a different level. Previously, it was logged at the maximum level of all the
+   verbosities.
+ * #1208: Fix for the "restore" action incorrectly extracting more database dumps than the
+   "--database" flag specifies.
+ * #1210: Fix an error when running the "spot" check or "extract" action with the "progress" option
+   or "--progress" flag.
+ * #1211: Fix an error about the runtime directory getting excluded by tweaking its logic and
+   lowering the error to a warning.
+ * #1212: Fix an error when restoring multiple directory-format database dumps at once.
+ * #1213: BREAKING: Support disabling both constant and variable interpolation by escaping with
+   backslashes. For instance, interpret "\{name\}" as literally "{name}" instead of trying to
+   resolve it as a constant/variable.
+ * #1220: Cleanup snapshots immediately after ZFS, LVM, or Btrfs hooks error—rather than waiting
+   until the next time borgmatic runs.
+ * #1221: Add an "unsafe_skip_path_validation_before_create" option to skip pre-backup safety
+   validation so as to reduce backup times on large filesystems.
+ * #1224: When running an "extract" check with the "--progress" flag, show file extraction progress.
+ * #1225: Improve performance and greatly reduce memory usage during pre-backup safety validation on
+   large filesystems.
+ * #1230: Fix another warning from LVM about leaked file descriptors, this time when calling
+   "lvcreate" from a command hook.
+ * #1234: Fix for the ntfy monitoring hook erroring on emojis in the "title" option.
+ * When syslog verbosity is enabled, log to systemd's journal (if present) with
+   structured data. See the documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/command-line/logging/#systemd-journal
+ * SECURITY: Prevent shell injection attacks via constant interpolation in command hooks. (This was
+   already implemented for deprecated "before_*"/"after_*" command hooks.)
+ * Fix for an error in the "key import" action when importing a key from stdin.
+ * Fix the "recreate" action to include borgmatic-specific paths (database dumps, etc.) in recreated
+   archives.
+ * Update the "list" action to support the "--json" flag when the "--archive" flag is also used.
+ * Promote the ZFS, LVM, and Btrfs hooks from beta features to stable.
+
+2.0.13
+ * #1054: Allow the Btrfs hook to create and delete snapshots even when running
+   as a non-root user. See the documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/configuration/data-sources/btrfs/#non-root-user
+ * #1179: Add a "file_list_format" option for setting the "list" action's output format and an
+   "archive_list_format" option for setting the "repo-list" action's format.
+ * #1192: Fix for over-aggressive deduplication of source directories that contain the borgmatic
+   runtime directory, potentially resulting in data loss (data not getting backed up) when
+   snapshotting these source directories.
+ * #1192, #1163: Document potential interactions between security settings in borgmatic's sample
+   systemd service file and the ZFS, LVM, and Btrfs hooks.
+ * #1193: In the documentation for the MariaDB/MySQL database hooks, clarify how to set custom
+   command-line flags for database commands.
+ * #1193: For the MariaDB and MySQL database hooks, add a "socket_path" option for Unix socket
+   database connections.
+ * #1193: For the MariaDB and MySQL database hooks, creates a consistent snapshot by dumping all
+   tables in a single transaction.
+ * #1194: Fix for an incorrect diff command shown when running the "generate config" action with a
+   source configuration file. 
+ * #1195: Fix a regression in the ZFS, LVM, and Btrfs hooks in which snapshotted paths ignored
+   global excludes.
+ * #1201: Document a problematic interaction between borgmatic and systemd-tmpfiles:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/configuration/runtime-directory/#systemd-tmpfiles
+ * #1203: Fix that errors and exits when the borgmatic runtime directory is partially excluded by
+   configured excludes. Previously, borgmatic only errored when the runtime directory was completely
+   excluded.
+ * #1206: Adjust Btrfs snapshot paths so that Borg 1.x gets file cache hits when backing them up,
+   improving performance.
+ * Update the sample systemd timer with a shorter random delay when catching up on a missed run.
+
+2.0.12
+ * #1127: Fix for the database hooks not respecting the "working_directory" option.
+ * #1181: Add an "ask_for_password" option to the KeePassXC credential hook for disabling
+   KeePassXC's password prompt, e.g. if you're only using a key file to decrypt your database.
+ * #1184: Fix the fish shell completion's detection of version mismatches.
+ * #1186: Fix a regression in the Btrfs hook in which subvolume snapshots didn't get cleaned up
+   until the start of the next borgmatic run.
+ * In the SQLite database hook, run SQLite such that it exits upon encountering an error instead of,
+   you know, not doing that.
+ * Add documentation on repositories, including SSH, Rclone, S3, and B2:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/configuration/repositories/
+ * Improve documentation search results for individual configuration options.
+ * Add borgmatic release artifacts (wheel and tarball) to each release on the releases page:
+   https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/releases
+ * Move the tarball of borgmatic's HTML documentation from the packages page to the releases page.
+
+2.0.11
+ * #957: Document borgmatic's limitations around parallelism—both its own and Borg's. See the
+   documentation for more information:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/make-per-application-backups/#limitations
+ * #1165: Fix for when the systemd service directories (RuntimeDirectory and StateDirectory) each
+   contain multiple paths.
+ * #1168: Fix for the "list", "info", and "delete" options in "extra_borg_options" being ignored
+   when "--archive" is omitted with Borg 1.x.
+ * #1169: Fix for a regression in the ZFS, LVM, and Btrfs hooks in which partial excludes of
+   snapshot paths were ignored.
+ * #1170: Fix for an inconsistent log level for Borg's last output line before exiting.
+ * #1172: Add an "environment" option to the Sentry monitoring hook.
+ * #1176: Fix the "--repository" flag not applying to command hooks.
+ * Add a "rename" option to "extra_borg_options" to support passing arbitrary flags to "borg
+   rename".
+ * Add documentation on patterns and excludes:
+   https://torsion.org/borgmatic/reference/configuration/patterns-and-excludes/
+ * Drop support for Python 3.9, which has been end-of-lifed.
+
 2.0.10
- * #427: Expand the "borg_extra_options" option to support passing arbitrary Borg flags to every
+ * #427: Expand the "extra_borg_options" option to support passing arbitrary Borg flags to every
   Borg sub-command that borgmatic uses. As part of this, deprecate the "init" option under
   "borg_extra_options" in favor of "repo_create".
 * #942: Factor reference material out of the documentation how-to guides. This means there's now a
@@ -94,10 +94,11 @@ borgmatic is powered by [Borg Backup](https://www.borgbackup.org/).

 ## Getting started

-Your first step is to [install and configure
-borgmatic](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/set-up-backups/).
+Your first steps are to
+[install](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/install-borgmatic/) and
+[configure borgmatic](https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/set-up-backups/).

-For additional documentation, check out the links above (left panel on wide screens)
+For additional documentation, check out the links on the top/left
 for <a href="https://torsion.org/borgmatic/#documentation">borgmatic how-to and
 reference guides</a>.

@@ -183,4 +184,4 @@ Thanks to all borgmatic contributors! There are multiple ways to contribute to
 this project, so the following includes those who have fixed bugs, contributed
 features, *or* filed tickets.

-{% include borgmatic/contributors.html %}
+{% include borgmatic/contributors.html %}
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+.
+apprise==1.9.9
+attrs==26.1.0
+certifi==2026.2.25
+charset-normalizer==3.4.6
+click==8.3.1
+idna==3.11
+jsonschema==4.26.0
+jsonschema-specifications==2025.9.1
+markdown==3.10.2
+oauthlib==3.3.1
+packaging==26.0
+pyyaml==6.0.3
+referencing==0.37.0
+requests==2.33.1
+requests-oauthlib==2.0.0
+rpds-py==0.30.0
+ruamel-yaml==0.19.1
+urllib3==2.6.3
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.borg
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -19,26 +18,22 @@ def run_borg(
    '''
    Run the "borg" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if borg_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        borg_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info('Running arbitrary Borg command')
-        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-            repository['path'],
-            borg_arguments.archive,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        borgmatic.borg.borg.run_arbitrary_borg(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            options=borg_arguments.options,
-            archive=archive_name,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+    logger.info('Running arbitrary Borg command')
+    archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        borg_arguments.archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    borgmatic.borg.borg.run_arbitrary_borg(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        options=borg_arguments.options,
+        archive=archive_name,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.break_lock
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -18,16 +17,12 @@ def run_break_lock(
    '''
    Run the "break-lock" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if break_lock_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        break_lock_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info('Breaking repository and cache locks')
-        borgmatic.borg.break_lock.break_lock(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+    logger.info('Breaking repository and cache locks')
+    borgmatic.borg.break_lock.break_lock(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.change_passphrase
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -18,20 +17,13 @@ def run_change_passphrase(
    '''
    Run the "key change-passphrase" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if (
-        change_passphrase_arguments.repository is None
-        or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-            repository,
-            change_passphrase_arguments.repository,
-        )
-    ):
-        logger.info('Changing repository passphrase')
-        borgmatic.borg.change_passphrase.change_passphrase(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            change_passphrase_arguments,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+    logger.info('Changing repository passphrase')
+    borgmatic.borg.change_passphrase.change_passphrase(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        change_passphrase_arguments,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import pathlib
 import random
 import shlex
 import shutil
+import subprocess
 import textwrap

 import borgmatic.actions.config.bootstrap
@@ -20,11 +21,8 @@ import borgmatic.borg.extract
 import borgmatic.borg.list
 import borgmatic.borg.pattern
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.borg.state
 import borgmatic.config.paths
-import borgmatic.config.validate
 import borgmatic.execute
-import borgmatic.hooks.command

 DEFAULT_CHECKS = (
    {'name': 'repository', 'frequency': '1 month'},
@@ -383,10 +381,7 @@ def collect_spot_check_source_paths(
        dry_run=True,
        repository_path=repository['path'],
        # Omit "progress" because it interferes with "list_details".
-        config=dict(
-            {option: value for option, value in config.items() if option != 'progress'},
-            list_details=True,
-        ),
+        config=dict(config, progress=False, list_details=True),
        patterns=borgmatic.actions.pattern.process_patterns(
            borgmatic.actions.pattern.collect_patterns(config)
            + tuple(
@@ -408,7 +403,7 @@ def collect_spot_check_source_paths(
    )
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)

-    paths_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+    path_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
        create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
        capture_stderr=True,
        environment=borgmatic.borg.environment.make_environment(config),
@@ -417,14 +412,20 @@ def collect_spot_check_source_paths(
        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
    )

-    paths = tuple(
+    paths = (
        path_line.split(' ', 1)[1]
-        for path_line in paths_output.splitlines()
+        for path_line in path_lines
        if path_line and path_line.startswith(('- ', '+ '))
    )

    return tuple(
-        path for path in paths if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(working_directory or '', path))
+        # Use dict.fromkeys() to deduplicate file paths, which are present in Borg's dry run output
+        # when there are overlapping source patterns. For instance, if both "/foo" and
+        # "/foo/file.txt" are in configured patterns, then "/foo/file.txt" will show up in Borg's
+        # dry run output twice.
+        dict.fromkeys(
+            path for path in paths if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(working_directory or '', path))
+        )
    )


@@ -454,24 +455,22 @@ def collect_spot_check_archive_paths(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return tuple(
-        path
-        for line in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
+        entry['path']
+        for entry in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
            repository['path'],
            archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
-            path_format='{type} {path}{NUL}',
            local_path=local_path,
            remote_path=remote_path,
        )
-        for (file_type, path) in (line.split(' ', 1),)
-        if file_type not in {BORG_DIRECTORY_FILE_TYPE, BORG_PIPE_FILE_TYPE}
-        if pathlib.Path('borgmatic') not in pathlib.Path(path).parents
+        if entry['type'] not in {BORG_DIRECTORY_FILE_TYPE, BORG_PIPE_FILE_TYPE}
+        if pathlib.Path('borgmatic') not in pathlib.Path(entry['path']).parents
        if pathlib.Path(borgmatic_source_directory.lstrip(os.path.sep))
-        not in pathlib.Path(path).parents
+        not in pathlib.Path(entry['path']).parents
        if pathlib.Path(borgmatic_runtime_directory.lstrip(os.path.sep))
-        not in pathlib.Path(path).parents
+        not in pathlib.Path(entry['path']).parents
    )


@@ -526,52 +525,100 @@ def compare_spot_check_hashes(
        source_sample_paths_subset = tuple(
            itertools.islice(source_sample_paths_iterator, SAMPLE_PATHS_SUBSET_COUNT),
        )
+
        if not source_sample_paths_subset:
            break

-        hash_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
-            tuple(
-                shlex.quote(part)
-                for part in shlex.split(spot_check_config.get('xxh64sum_command', 'xxh64sum'))
-            )
-            + tuple(
-                path for path in source_sample_paths_subset if path in hashable_source_sample_path
-            ),
-            working_directory=working_directory,
+        hash_paths = tuple(
+            path for path in source_sample_paths_subset if path in hashable_source_sample_path
        )

-        source_hashes.update(
-            **dict(
-                (reversed(line.split('  ', 1)) for line in hash_output.splitlines()),
-                # Represent non-existent files as having empty hashes so the comparison below still
-                # works. Same thing for filesystem links, since Borg produces empty archive hashes
-                # for them.
-                **{
-                    path: ''
-                    for path in source_sample_paths_subset
-                    if path not in hashable_source_sample_path
-                },
-            ),
-        )
+        try:
+            hash_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                tuple(
+                    shlex.quote(part)
+                    for part in shlex.split(spot_check_config.get('xxh64sum_command', 'xxh64sum'))
+                )
+                + hash_paths,
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+            )
+            source_hashes.update(
+                **dict(
+                    zip(
+                        # xxh64sum rewrites/escapes the paths that it returns alongside its hashes, for
+                        # instance if they contain special characters. When that happens, they don't
+                        # match the original source paths and therefore hash lookups fail. So when
+                        # building this lookup dict, use the original unaltered paths we provided as
+                        # input to xxh64sum.
+                        hash_paths,
+                        (
+                            # For some reason, xxh64sum prefixes the hash with a backslash if the path
+                            # contains a newline. Work around that.
+                            line.split('  ', 1)[0].lstrip('\\')
+                            for line in hash_lines
+                        ),
+                    ),
+                    # Represent non-existent files as having empty hashes so the comparison below still
+                    # works. Same thing for filesystem links, since Borg produces empty archive hashes
+                    # for them.
+                    **{
+                        path: ''
+                        for path in source_sample_paths_subset
+                        if path not in hashable_source_sample_path
+                    },
+                ),
+            )
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            # This can happen if a file we planned to hash gets deleted right before we try to hash
+            # it. Falling back to individual file hashing allows us to find and mark just the
+            # file(s) with problems instead of failing the whole batch.
+            logger.warning(
+                'Bulk source path hashing failed for this batch; falling back to individual file hashing'
+            )
+
+            for hash_path in hash_paths:
+                try:
+                    hash_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                        (
+                            *(
+                                shlex.quote(part)
+                                for part in shlex.split(
+                                    spot_check_config.get('xxh64sum_command', 'xxh64sum')
+                                )
+                            ),
+                            hash_path,
+                        ),
+                        working_directory=working_directory,
+                    )
+                    source_hashes[hash_path] = next(hash_lines).split('  ', 1)[0].lstrip('\\')
+                except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, StopIteration):  # noqa: PERF203
+                    logger.warning(
+                        f'Source path hashing failed for {hash_path}; treating as missing'
+                    )
+                    source_hashes[hash_path] = ''

        # Get the hash for each file in the archive.
-        archive_hashes.update(
-            **dict(
-                reversed(line.split(' ', 1))
-                for line in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
-                    repository['path'],
-                    archive,
-                    config,
-                    local_borg_version,
-                    global_arguments,
-                    list_paths=source_sample_paths_subset,
-                    path_format='{xxh64} {path}{NUL}',
-                    local_path=local_path,
-                    remote_path=remote_path,
-                )
-                if line
-            ),
-        )
+        for entry in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
+            repository['path'],
+            archive,
+            config,
+            local_borg_version,
+            global_arguments,
+            list_paths=source_sample_paths_subset,
+            path_format='{xxh64}{path}{linktarget}{target}',
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+        ):
+            if not entry:
+                continue
+
+            # Borg can't get hashes of stored hard links. So if this is a hard link path (and not
+            # deemed as the "original" by Borg), then skip hashing of it.
+            if entry.get('linktarget') or entry.get('target'):
+                source_hashes.pop(os.path.join('/', entry['path']), None)
+                continue
+
+            archive_hashes[entry['path']] = entry['xxh64']

    # Compare the source hashes with the archive hashes to see how many match.
    failing_paths = []
@@ -608,8 +655,6 @@ def spot_check(
    disk to those stored in the latest archive. If any differences are beyond configured tolerances,
    then the check fails.
    '''
-    logger.debug('Running spot check')
-
    try:
        spot_check_config = next(
            check for check in config.get('checks', ()) if check.get('name') == 'spot'
@@ -672,7 +717,7 @@ def spot_check(
        )
        logger.debug(f'Paths in latest archive but not source paths: {truncated_archive_paths}')
        raise ValueError(
-            'Spot check failed: There are no source paths to compare against the archive',
+            'Spot check failed; there are no source paths to compare against the archive',
        )

    # Calculate the percentage delta between the source paths count and the archive paths count, and
@@ -686,19 +731,13 @@ def spot_check(
            width=MAX_SPOT_CHECK_PATHS_LENGTH,
            placeholder=' ...',
        )
-        logger.debug(
-            f'Paths in source paths but not latest archive: {truncated_exclusive_source_paths}',
-        )
        truncated_exclusive_archive_paths = textwrap.shorten(
            ', '.join(set(archive_paths) - rootless_source_paths) or 'none',
            width=MAX_SPOT_CHECK_PATHS_LENGTH,
            placeholder=' ...',
        )
-        logger.debug(
-            f'Paths in latest archive but not source paths: {truncated_exclusive_archive_paths}',
-        )
        raise ValueError(
-            f'Spot check failed: {count_delta_percentage:.2f}% file count delta between source paths and latest archive (tolerance is {spot_check_config["count_tolerance_percentage"]}%)',
+            f'Spot check failed\n{count_delta_percentage:.2f}% file count delta between source paths ({len(source_paths)} total) and latest archive ({len(archive_paths)} total); tolerance is {spot_check_config["count_tolerance_percentage"]}%\nOnly in source paths: {truncated_exclusive_source_paths}\nOnly in latest archive: {truncated_exclusive_archive_paths}',
        )

    failing_paths = compare_spot_check_hashes(
@@ -723,11 +762,8 @@ def spot_check(
            width=MAX_SPOT_CHECK_PATHS_LENGTH,
            placeholder=' ...',
        )
-        logger.debug(
-            f'Source paths with data not matching the latest archive: {truncated_failing_paths}',
-        )
        raise ValueError(
-            f'Spot check failed: {failing_percentage:.2f}% of source paths with data not matching the latest archive (tolerance is {data_tolerance_percentage}%)',
+            f'Spot check failed\n{failing_percentage:.2f}% of source paths ({len(failing_paths)} out of {len(source_paths)} checked) with data not matching the latest archive; tolerance is {data_tolerance_percentage}%\nSource paths with non-matching data: {truncated_failing_paths}',
        )

    logger.info(
@@ -750,12 +786,6 @@ def run_check(

    Raise ValueError if the Borg repository ID cannot be determined.
    '''
-    if check_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        check_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    logger.info('Running consistency checks')

    repository_id = borgmatic.borg.check.get_repository_id(
@@ -800,6 +830,7 @@ def run_check(
            write_check_time(make_check_time_path(config, repository_id, check, archives_check_id))

    if 'extract' in checks:
+        logger.info('Running extract check')
        borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
            config,
            local_borg_version,
@@ -812,6 +843,7 @@ def run_check(
        write_check_time(make_check_time_path(config, repository_id, 'extract'))

    if 'spot' in checks:
+        logger.info('Running spot check')
        with borgmatic.config.paths.Runtime_directory(config) as borgmatic_runtime_directory:
            spot_check(
                repository,
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.compact
 import borgmatic.borg.feature
-import borgmatic.config.validate
-import borgmatic.hooks.command

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -22,12 +20,6 @@ def run_compact(
    '''
    Run the "compact" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if compact_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        compact_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    if borgmatic.borg.feature.available(borgmatic.borg.feature.Feature.COMPACT, local_borg_version):
        logger.info(f'Compacting segments{dry_run_label}')
        borgmatic.borg.compact.compact_segments(
@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ import os
 import borgmatic.borg.extract
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
 import borgmatic.config.paths
-import borgmatic.config.validate
-import borgmatic.hooks.command

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -122,15 +120,13 @@ def run_bootstrap(bootstrap_arguments, global_arguments, local_borg_version):
            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
        )

-    logger.info(f"Bootstrapping config paths: {', '.join(manifest_config_paths)}")
+    logger.info(f"Bootstrapping configuration paths: {', '.join(manifest_config_paths)}")

    borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
        bootstrap_arguments.repository,
        archive_name,
        [config_path.lstrip(os.path.sep) for config_path in manifest_config_paths],
-        # Only add progress here and not the extract_archive() call above, because progress
-        # conflicts with extract_to_stdout.
        dict(config, progress=bootstrap_arguments.progress or False),
        local_borg_version,
        global_arguments,
@@ -36,12 +36,12 @@ def run_generate(generate_arguments, global_arguments):
    if generate_arguments.source_filename:
        logger.answer(
            f'''
-Merged in the contents of configuration file at: {generate_arguments.source_filename}'''
+Merged the contents of the source configuration file: {generate_arguments.source_filename}'''
        )

        if not generate_arguments.split:
            logger.answer(
-                '''To review the changes made, run:
+                f'''To review the changes made, run:

    diff --unified {generate_arguments.source_filename} {generate_arguments.destination_path}''',
            )
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+import json
+import logging
+import sys
+
+import borgmatic.config.generate
+import borgmatic.logger
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def run_show(show_arguments, configs):
+    '''
+    Given the show arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance and a dict of configuration filename
+    to corresponding parsed configuration, run the "show" action. That consists of rendering and
+    logging the computed configuration as YAML, separating the configuration for each file with
+    "---".
+
+    If show_arguments.option is set, limit the results to the value of that single option. If
+    show_arguments.json is True, render the results as JSON with one array element per configuration
+    file.
+    '''
+    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
+
+    if show_arguments.json:
+        sys.stdout.write(
+            json.dumps(
+                [
+                    config.get(show_arguments.option) if show_arguments.option else config
+                    for config in configs.values()
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+
+        return
+
+    for config in configs.values():
+        if len(configs) > 1:
+            logger.answer('---')
+
+        logger.answer(
+            borgmatic.config.generate.render_configuration(
+                config.get(show_arguments.option) if show_arguments.option else config
+            ).rstrip()
+        )
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 import logging

+import borgmatic.actions.dump
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.create
 import borgmatic.borg.feature
 import borgmatic.borg.rename
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
 import borgmatic.config.paths
-import borgmatic.config.validate
 import borgmatic.hooks.dispatch
 from borgmatic.actions import pattern

@@ -30,12 +30,6 @@ def run_create(

    If create_arguments.json is True, yield the JSON output from creating the archive.
    '''
-    if create_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        create_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    if config.get('list_details') and config.get('progress'):
        raise ValueError(
            'With the create action, only one of --list/--files/list_details and --progress/progress can be used.',
@@ -56,94 +50,87 @@ def run_create(
            working_directory,
            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
        )
-        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-            'remove_data_source_dumps',
-            config,
-            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            patterns,
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-        )
-        active_dumps = borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
-            'dump_data_sources',
-            config,
-            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
-            config_paths,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            patterns,
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-        )

-        # Process the patterns again in case any data source hooks updated them. Without this step,
-        # we could end up with duplicate paths that cause Borg to hang when it tries to read from
-        # the same named pipe twice.
-        patterns = pattern.process_patterns(
-            patterns,
-            config,
-            working_directory,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            skip_expand_paths=config_paths,
-        )
-        stream_processes = [process for processes in active_dumps.values() for process in processes]
+        original_patterns = list(patterns)

-        # If we have stream processes, we first create an archive with .checkpoint suffix. This is
-        # to make sure we only create a real archive if all the streaming processes completed
-        # successfully (create_archive will fail if a streaming process fails, but the archive might
-        # have already been created at this point).
-        use_checkpoint = bool(stream_processes)
-
-        json_output = borgmatic.borg.create.create_archive(
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            patterns,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            archive_suffix='.checkpoint' if use_checkpoint else '',
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-            json=create_arguments.json,
-            comment=create_arguments.comment,
-            stream_processes=stream_processes,
-        )
-
-        if use_checkpoint:
-            rename_checkpoint_archive(
-                repository['path'],
-                global_arguments,
+        # Use the original patterns so as to disregard any modifications made by any data source
+        # hooks, e.g. via dump_data_sources() below.
+        with borgmatic.actions.dump.Dump_cleanup(
+            config, borgmatic_runtime_directory, original_patterns, global_arguments.dry_run
+        ):
+            active_dumps = borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks(
+                'dump_data_sources',
                config,
+                borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
+                config_paths,
+                borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+                patterns,
+                global_arguments.dry_run,
+            )
+
+            # Process the patterns again in case any data source hooks updated them. Without this step,
+            # we could end up with duplicate paths that cause Borg to hang when it tries to read from
+            # the same named pipe twice.
+            patterns = pattern.process_patterns(
+                patterns,
+                config,
+                working_directory,
+                borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+                skip_expand_paths=config_paths,
+            )
+            stream_processes = [
+                process for processes in active_dumps.values() for process in processes
+            ]
+
+            # If we have stream processes, we first create an archive with .checkpoint suffix. This is
+            # to make sure we only create a real archive if all the streaming processes completed
+            # successfully (create_archive will fail if a streaming process fails, but the archive might
+            # have already been created at this point).
+            use_checkpoint = bool(stream_processes)
+
+            json_output = borgmatic.borg.create.create_archive(
+                global_arguments.dry_run,
+                repository['path'],
+                config,
+                patterns,
                local_borg_version,
-                local_path,
-                remote_path,
+                global_arguments,
+                borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+                archive_suffix='.checkpoint' if use_checkpoint else '',
+                local_path=local_path,
+                remote_path=remote_path,
+                json=create_arguments.json,
+                comment=create_arguments.comment,
+                stream_processes=stream_processes,
            )

-        if json_output:
-            output = borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
            if use_checkpoint:
-                # Patch archive name and ID
-                renamed_archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.get_latest_archive(
+                rename_checkpoint_archive(
                    repository['path'],
+                    global_arguments,
                    config,
                    local_borg_version,
-                    global_arguments,
                    local_path,
                    remote_path,
                )

-                output['archive']['name'] = renamed_archive['name']
-                output['archive']['id'] = renamed_archive['id']
+            if json_output:
+                output = borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+                if use_checkpoint:
+                    # Patch archive name and ID
+                    renamed_archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.get_latest_archive(
+                        repository['path'],
+                        config,
+                        local_borg_version,
+                        global_arguments,
+                        local_path,
+                        remote_path,
+                    )

-            yield output
+                    output['archive']['name'] = renamed_archive['name']
+                    output['archive']['id'] = renamed_archive['id']

-        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-            'remove_data_source_dumps',
-            config,
-            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            patterns,
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-        )
+                yield output


 def rename_checkpoint_archive(
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.actions.arguments
 import borgmatic.borg.delete
-import borgmatic.borg.repo_delete
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -20,32 +19,28 @@ def run_delete(
    '''
    Run the "delete" action for the given repository and archive(s).
    '''
-    if delete_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        delete_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.answer('Deleting archives')
+    logger.answer('Deleting archives')

-        archive_name = (
-            borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-                repository['path'],
-                delete_arguments.archive,
-                config,
-                local_borg_version,
-                global_arguments,
-                local_path,
-                remote_path,
-            )
-            if delete_arguments.archive
-            else None
-        )
-
-        borgmatic.borg.delete.delete_archives(
-            repository,
+    archive_name = (
+        borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+            repository['path'],
+            delete_arguments.archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
-            borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(delete_arguments, archive=archive_name),
            global_arguments,
            local_path,
            remote_path,
        )
+        if delete_arguments.archive
+        else None
+    )
+
+    borgmatic.borg.delete.delete_archives(
+        repository,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(delete_arguments, archive=archive_name),
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import logging
+
+import borgmatic.actions.pattern
+import borgmatic.borg.diff
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def run_diff(
+    repository,
+    config,
+    local_borg_version,
+    diff_arguments,
+    global_arguments,
+    local_path,
+    remote_path,
+):
+    '''
+    Run the "diff" action for the given repository.
+    '''
+
+    # Only process patterns if only_patterns flag is set
+    if diff_arguments.only_patterns:
+        processed_patterns = borgmatic.actions.pattern.process_patterns(
+            (*borgmatic.actions.pattern.collect_patterns(config),),
+            config,
+            borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+        )
+    else:
+        processed_patterns = None
+
+    archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        diff_arguments.archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    second_archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        diff_arguments.second_archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+
+    borgmatic.borg.diff.diff(
+        repository['path'],
+        archive,
+        second_archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        diff_arguments,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+        patterns=processed_patterns,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+import borgmatic.hooks.dispatch
+
+
+class Dump_cleanup:
+    '''
+    A Python context manager for removing data source dumps before and after wrapped code. Besides
+    doing this for general filesystem cleanliness reasons, leaving old dumps lying around can
+    prevent future dumping from working (in the case of filesystem snapshots) or cause Borg hangs
+    (in the case of database dump named pipes).
+
+    Example use as a context manager:
+
+        with borgmatic.actions.dump.Dump_cleanup(
+            config, borgmatic_runtime_directory, patterns, dry_run,
+        ):
+            do_something_like_perform_a_dump_or_restore()
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, config, borgmatic_runtime_directory, patterns, dry_run):
+        '''
+        Given a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory, the configured patterns, and
+        whether this is a dry-run, store these values for use below.
+        '''
+        self.config = config
+        self.borgmatic_runtime_directory = borgmatic_runtime_directory
+        self.patterns = patterns
+        self.dry_run = dry_run
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        '''
+        Remove all data source dumps that exist prior to the wrapped code running.
+        '''
+        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
+            'remove_data_source_dumps',
+            self.config,
+            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
+            self.borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+            self.patterns,
+            self.dry_run,
+        )
+
+    def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception, traceback):
+        '''
+        Remove all data source dumps, including any created by the wrapped code.
+        '''
+        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
+            'remove_data_source_dumps',
+            self.config,
+            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
+            self.borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+            self.patterns,
+            self.dry_run,
+        )
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.export_key
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -18,17 +17,13 @@ def run_export_key(
    '''
    Run the "key export" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if export_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        export_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info('Exporting repository key')
-        borgmatic.borg.export_key.export_key(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            export_arguments,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+    logger.info('Exporting repository key')
+    borgmatic.borg.export_key.export_key(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        export_arguments,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.export_tar
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -19,30 +18,26 @@ def run_export_tar(
    '''
    Run the "export-tar" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if export_tar_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        export_tar_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info(f'Exporting archive {export_tar_arguments.archive} as tar file')
-        borgmatic.borg.export_tar.export_tar_archive(
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
+    logger.info(f'Exporting archive {export_tar_arguments.archive} as tar file')
+    borgmatic.borg.export_tar.export_tar_archive(
+        global_arguments.dry_run,
+        repository['path'],
+        borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
-            borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-                repository['path'],
-                export_tar_arguments.archive,
-                config,
-                local_borg_version,
-                global_arguments,
-                local_path,
-                remote_path,
-            ),
-            export_tar_arguments.paths,
-            export_tar_arguments.destination,
+            export_tar_arguments.archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-            tar_filter=export_tar_arguments.tar_filter,
-            strip_components=export_tar_arguments.strip_components,
-        )
+            local_path,
+            remote_path,
+        ),
+        export_tar_arguments.paths,
+        export_tar_arguments.destination,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+        tar_filter=export_tar_arguments.tar_filter,
+        strip_components=export_tar_arguments.strip_components,
+    )
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.extract
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate
-import borgmatic.hooks.command

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -21,29 +19,25 @@ def run_extract(
    '''
    Run the "extract" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if extract_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        extract_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info(f'Extracting archive {extract_arguments.archive}')
-        borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
+    logger.info(f'Extracting archive {extract_arguments.archive}')
+    borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
+        global_arguments.dry_run,
+        repository['path'],
+        borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
-            borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-                repository['path'],
-                extract_arguments.archive,
-                config,
-                local_borg_version,
-                global_arguments,
-                local_path,
-                remote_path,
-            ),
-            extract_arguments.paths,
+            extract_arguments.archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-            destination_path=extract_arguments.destination,
-            strip_components=extract_arguments.strip_components,
-        )
+            local_path,
+            remote_path,
+        ),
+        extract_arguments.paths,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+        destination_path=extract_arguments.destination,
+        strip_components=extract_arguments.strip_components,
+    )
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.import_key
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -18,17 +17,13 @@ def run_import_key(
    '''
    Run the "key import" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if import_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        import_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.info('Importing repository key')
-        borgmatic.borg.import_key.import_key(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            import_arguments,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+    logger.info('Importing repository key')
+    borgmatic.borg.import_key.import_key(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        import_arguments,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import borgmatic.actions.arguments
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.info
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -23,30 +22,26 @@ def run_info(

    If info_arguments.json is True, yield the JSON output from the info for the archive.
    '''
-    if info_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        info_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if not info_arguments.json:
-            logger.answer('Displaying archive summary information')
+    if not info_arguments.json:
+        logger.answer('Displaying archive summary information')

-        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-            repository['path'],
-            info_arguments.archive,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        json_output = borgmatic.borg.info.display_archives_info(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(info_arguments, archive=archive_name),
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        if json_output:
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+    archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        info_arguments.archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    json_output = borgmatic.borg.info.display_archives_info(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(info_arguments, archive=archive_name),
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    if json_output:
+        yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import logging
 import borgmatic.actions.arguments
 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -22,33 +21,29 @@ def run_list(

    If list_arguments.json is True, yield the JSON output from listing the archive.
    '''
-    if list_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        list_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if not list_arguments.json:
-            if list_arguments.find_paths:  # pragma: no cover
-                logger.answer('Searching archives')
-            elif not list_arguments.archive:  # pragma: no cover
-                logger.answer('Listing archives')
+    if not list_arguments.json:
+        if list_arguments.find_paths:  # pragma: no cover
+            logger.answer('Searching archives')
+        elif not list_arguments.archive:  # pragma: no cover
+            logger.answer('Listing archives')

-        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-            repository['path'],
-            list_arguments.archive,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        json_output = borgmatic.borg.list.list_archive(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(list_arguments, archive=archive_name),
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        if json_output:
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+    archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        list_arguments.archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    json_output = borgmatic.borg.list.list_archive(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        borgmatic.actions.arguments.update_arguments(list_arguments, archive=archive_name),
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+    if json_output:
+        yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.mount
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -19,30 +18,26 @@ def run_mount(
    '''
    Run the "mount" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if mount_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        mount_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if mount_arguments.archive:
-            logger.info(f'Mounting archive {mount_arguments.archive}')
-        else:  # pragma: nocover
-            logger.info('Mounting repository')
+    if mount_arguments.archive:
+        logger.info(f'Mounting archive {mount_arguments.archive}')
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        logger.info('Mounting repository')

-        borgmatic.borg.mount.mount_archive(
+    borgmatic.borg.mount.mount_archive(
+        repository['path'],
+        borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
            repository['path'],
-            borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-                repository['path'],
-                mount_arguments.archive,
-                config,
-                local_borg_version,
-                global_arguments,
-                local_path,
-                remote_path,
-            ),
-            mount_arguments,
+            mount_arguments.archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
            global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
+            local_path,
+            remote_path,
+        ),
+        mount_arguments,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ def collect_patterns(config):
            + tuple(
                parse_pattern(pattern_line.strip())
                for filename in config.get('patterns_from', ())
-                for pattern_line in open(filename, encoding='utf-8').readlines()
+                for pattern_line in open(filename, encoding='utf-8')
                if not pattern_line.lstrip().startswith('#')
                if pattern_line.strip()
            )
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ def collect_patterns(config):
                    borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_style.FNMATCH,
                )
                for filename in config.get('exclude_from', ())
-                for exclude_line in open(filename, encoding='utf-8').readlines()
+                for exclude_line in open(filename, encoding='utf-8')
                if not exclude_line.lstrip().startswith('#')
                if exclude_line.strip()
            )
@@ -259,31 +259,37 @@ def deduplicate_runtime_directory_patterns(patterns, config, borgmatic_runtime_d
        return patterns

    deduplicated = {}  # Use just the keys as an ordered set.
+    runtime_directory_parents = set(pathlib.PurePath(borgmatic_runtime_directory).parents).union(
+        {pathlib.PurePath(borgmatic_runtime_directory)}
+    )

    for pattern in patterns:
        if pattern.type != borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT:
            deduplicated[pattern] = True
            continue

-        parents = pathlib.PurePath(pattern.path).parents
+        pattern_parents = pathlib.PurePath(pattern.path).parents

-        # If another directory in the given list is a parent of current directory (even n levels up)
-        # and both are on the same filesystem (or one_file_system is not set), then the current
-        # directory is a duplicate.
+        # If:
+        #
+        #   1. another pattern is a parent of the current pattern (even n levels up),
+        #   2. both patterns are parents of the runtime directory (even n levels up),
+        #   3. and both patterns are on the same filesystem (or one_file_system is not set)
+        #
+        # ... then consider the current pattern as a duplicate.
        for other_pattern in patterns:
            if other_pattern.type != borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT:
                continue

-            if any(
-                pathlib.PurePath(other_pattern.path) == parent
-                and pathlib.PurePosixPath(other_pattern.path)
-                in pathlib.PurePath(borgmatic_runtime_directory).parents
-                and pattern.device is not None
-                and (
-                    other_pattern.device == pattern.device
-                    or config.get('one_file_system') is not True
-                )
-                for parent in parents
+            device_matches = pattern.device is not None and (
+                other_pattern.device == pattern.device or config.get('one_file_system') is not True
+            )
+
+            if (
+                pathlib.PurePath(other_pattern.path) in pattern_parents
+                and pathlib.PurePosixPath(other_pattern.path) in runtime_directory_parents
+                and pathlib.PurePosixPath(pattern.path) in runtime_directory_parents
+                and device_matches
            ):
                break
        else:
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.prune
-import borgmatic.config.validate
-import borgmatic.hooks.command

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -21,12 +19,6 @@ def run_prune(
    '''
    Run the "prune" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if prune_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        prune_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    logger.info(f'Pruning archives{dry_run_label}')
    borgmatic.borg.prune.prune_archives(
        global_arguments.dry_run,
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
 import logging
 import subprocess

-import borgmatic.borg.info
+import borgmatic.actions.pattern
+import borgmatic.borg.pattern
 import borgmatic.borg.recreate
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate
-from borgmatic.actions.pattern import collect_patterns, process_patterns

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -19,70 +18,75 @@ def run_recreate(
    local_borg_version,
    recreate_arguments,
    global_arguments,
+    dry_run_label,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
 ):
    '''
    Run the "recreate" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if recreate_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        recreate_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if recreate_arguments.archive:
-            logger.answer(f'Recreating archive {recreate_arguments.archive}')
-        else:
-            logger.answer('Recreating repository')
+    if recreate_arguments.archive:
+        logger.answer(f'Recreating archive {recreate_arguments.archive}{dry_run_label}')
+    else:
+        logger.answer(f'Recreating repository{dry_run_label}')

-        # Collect and process patterns.
-        processed_patterns = process_patterns(
-            collect_patterns(config),
-            config,
-            borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+    # Collect and process patterns.
+    processed_patterns = borgmatic.actions.pattern.process_patterns(
+        (
+            *borgmatic.actions.pattern.collect_patterns(config),
+            # Also add borgmatic-specific paths, so they don't get excluded from the recreated
+            # archive. Note that this doesn't currently work for archives created with Borg 1.2 or
+            # below.
+            borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
+                '/borgmatic', source=borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_source.INTERNAL
+            ),
+        ),
+        config,
+        borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+    )
+
+    archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+        repository['path'],
+        recreate_arguments.archive,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
+
+    if archive and archive.endswith('.recreate'):
+        if recreate_arguments.archive == 'latest':
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'The latest archive "{archive}" is leftover from a prior recreate. Delete it first or select a different archive.',
+            )
+
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'The archive "{recreate_arguments.archive}" is leftover from a prior recreate. Select a different archive.',
        )

-        archive = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+    try:
+        borgmatic.borg.recreate.recreate_archive(
            repository['path'],
-            recreate_arguments.archive,
+            archive,
            config,
            local_borg_version,
+            recreate_arguments,
            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+            patterns=processed_patterns,
        )
-
-        if archive and archive.endswith('.recreate'):
-            if recreate_arguments.archive == 'latest':
+    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
+        if error.returncode == BORG_EXIT_CODE_ARCHIVE_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+            if recreate_arguments.target:
                raise ValueError(
-                    f'The latest archive "{archive}" is leftover from a prior recreate. Delete it first or select a different archive.',
+                    f'The archive "{recreate_arguments.target}" already exists. Delete it first or set a different target archive name.',
                )

-            raise ValueError(
-                f'The archive "{recreate_arguments.archive}" is leftover from a prior recreate. Select a different archive.',
-            )
+            if archive:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'The archive "{archive}.recreate" is leftover from a prior recreate. Delete it first or select a different archive.',
+                )

-        try:
-            borgmatic.borg.recreate.recreate_archive(
-                repository['path'],
-                archive,
-                config,
-                local_borg_version,
-                recreate_arguments,
-                global_arguments,
-                local_path=local_path,
-                remote_path=remote_path,
-                patterns=processed_patterns,
-            )
-        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
-            if error.returncode == BORG_EXIT_CODE_ARCHIVE_ALREADY_EXISTS:
-                if recreate_arguments.target:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f'The archive "{recreate_arguments.target}" already exists. Delete it first or set a different target archive name.',
-                    )
-
-                if archive:
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        f'The archive "{archive}.recreate" is leftover from a prior recreate. Delete it first or select a different archive.',
-                    )
-
-            raise
+        raise
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 import logging

 import borgmatic.borg.repo_create
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -18,12 +17,6 @@ def run_repo_create(
    '''
    Run the "repo-create" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if repo_create_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        repo_create_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    logger.info('Creating repository')

    encryption_mode = repo_create_arguments.encryption_mode or repository.get('encryption')
@@ -17,20 +17,16 @@ def run_repo_delete(
    '''
    Run the "repo-delete" action for the given repository.
    '''
-    if repo_delete_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        repo_delete_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        logger.answer(
-            'Deleting repository' + (' cache' if repo_delete_arguments.cache_only else ''),
-        )
+    logger.answer(
+        'Deleting repository' + (' cache' if repo_delete_arguments.cache_only else ''),
+    )

-        borgmatic.borg.repo_delete.delete_repository(
-            repository,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            repo_delete_arguments,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
+    borgmatic.borg.repo_delete.delete_repository(
+        repository,
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        repo_delete_arguments,
+        global_arguments,
+        local_path,
+        remote_path,
+    )
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_info
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -21,21 +20,17 @@ def run_repo_info(

    If repo_info_arguments.json is True, yield the JSON output from the info for the repository.
    '''
-    if repo_info_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        repo_info_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if not repo_info_arguments.json:
-            logger.answer('Displaying repository summary information')
+    if not repo_info_arguments.json:
+        logger.answer('Displaying repository summary information')

-        json_output = borgmatic.borg.repo_info.display_repository_info(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            repo_info_arguments=repo_info_arguments,
-            global_arguments=global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
-        if json_output:
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+    json_output = borgmatic.borg.repo_info.display_repository_info(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        repo_info_arguments=repo_info_arguments,
+        global_arguments=global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
+    if json_output:
+        yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import logging

 import borgmatic.actions.json
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
-import borgmatic.config.validate

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -21,21 +20,17 @@ def run_repo_list(

    If repo_list_arguments.json is True, yield the JSON output from listing the repository.
    '''
-    if repo_list_arguments.repository is None or borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        repo_list_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        if not repo_list_arguments.json:
-            logger.answer('Listing repository')
+    if not repo_list_arguments.json:
+        logger.answer('Listing repository')

-        json_output = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.list_repository(
-            repository['path'],
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            repo_list_arguments=repo_list_arguments,
-            global_arguments=global_arguments,
-            local_path=local_path,
-            remote_path=remote_path,
-        )
-        if json_output:
-            yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
+    json_output = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.list_repository(
+        repository['path'],
+        config,
+        local_borg_version,
+        repo_list_arguments=repo_list_arguments,
+        global_arguments=global_arguments,
+        local_path=local_path,
+        remote_path=remote_path,
+    )
+    if json_output:
+        yield borgmatic.actions.json.parse_json(json_output, repository.get('label'))
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 import collections
+import locale
 import logging
 import os
 import pathlib
 import shutil
 import tempfile

+import borgmatic.actions.dump
 import borgmatic.actions.pattern
 import borgmatic.borg.extract
 import borgmatic.borg.list
-import borgmatic.borg.mount
 import borgmatic.borg.repo_list
 import borgmatic.config.paths
-import borgmatic.config.validate
 import borgmatic.hooks.data_source.dump
 import borgmatic.hooks.dispatch

@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ def get_configured_data_source(config, restore_dump):


 def strip_path_prefix_from_extracted_dump_destination(
-    destination_path,
+    extract_path,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
 ):
    '''
    Directory-format dump files get extracted into a temporary directory containing a path prefix
-    that depends how the files were stored in the archive. So, given the destination path where the
-    dump was extracted and the borgmatic runtime directory, move the dump files such that the
-    restore doesn't have to deal with that varying path prefix.
+    that depends how the files were stored in the archive. So, given the path where the dump was
+    extracted and the borgmatic runtime directory, move the dump files such that the restore doesn't
+    have to deal with that varying path prefix.

    For instance, if the dump was extracted to:

@@ -152,16 +152,16 @@ def strip_path_prefix_from_extracted_dump_destination(

      /run/user/0/borgmatic/postgresql_databases/test/...
    '''
-    for subdirectory_path, _, _ in os.walk(destination_path):
+    for subdirectory_path, _, _ in os.walk(extract_path):
        databases_directory = os.path.basename(subdirectory_path)

        if not databases_directory.endswith('_databases'):
            continue

-        shutil.move(
-            subdirectory_path,
-            os.path.join(borgmatic_runtime_directory, databases_directory),
-        )
+        destination_path = os.path.join(borgmatic_runtime_directory, databases_directory)
+        shutil.rmtree(destination_path, ignore_errors=True)
+        shutil.move(subdirectory_path, destination_path)
+
        break


@@ -202,6 +202,10 @@ def restore_single_dump(
        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
        borgmatic_runtime_directory,
        data_source['name'],
+        data_source.get('hostname'),
+        data_source.get('port'),
+        data_source.get('container'),
+        data_source.get('label'),
    )[hook_name.split('_databases', 1)[0]]

    destination_path = (
@@ -269,12 +273,12 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
    Given a local or remote repository path, a resolved archive name, a configuration dict, the
    local Borg version, global arguments an argparse.Namespace, local and remote Borg paths, and the
    borgmatic runtime directory, query the archive for the names of data sources dumps it contains
-    and return them as a set of Dump instances.
+    and return them as a tuple of Dump instances.
    '''
-    dumps_from_archive = set()
+    dumps_from_archive = {}  # Use a dict as an ordered set.

    # There is (at most) one dump metadata file per data source hook. Load each.
-    for dumps_metadata_path in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
+    for dumps_metadata_entry in borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
        repository,
        archive,
        config,
@@ -297,36 +301,33 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
        local_path=local_path,
        remote_path=remote_path,
    ):
-        if not dumps_metadata_path:
+        if not dumps_metadata_entry.get('path'):
            continue

-        dumps_from_archive.update(
-            set(
-                borgmatic.hooks.data_source.dump.parse_data_source_dumps_metadata(
-                    borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
-                        global_arguments.dry_run,
-                        repository,
-                        archive,
-                        [dumps_metadata_path],
-                        config,
-                        local_borg_version,
-                        global_arguments,
-                        local_path=local_path,
-                        remote_path=remote_path,
-                        extract_to_stdout=True,
-                    )
-                    .stdout.read()
-                    .decode(),
-                    dumps_metadata_path,
-                )
+        for dump in borgmatic.hooks.data_source.dump.parse_data_source_dumps_metadata(
+            borgmatic.borg.extract.extract_archive(
+                global_arguments.dry_run,
+                repository,
+                archive,
+                [dumps_metadata_entry['path']],
+                config,
+                local_borg_version,
+                global_arguments,
+                local_path=local_path,
+                remote_path=remote_path,
+                extract_to_stdout=True,
            )
-        )
+            .stdout.read()
+            .decode(locale.getpreferredencoding()),
+            dumps_metadata_entry['path'],
+        ):
+            dumps_from_archive[dump] = None

    # If we've successfully loaded any dumps metadata, we're done.
    if dumps_from_archive:
        logger.debug('Collecting database dumps from archive data source dumps metadata files')

-        return dumps_from_archive
+        return tuple(dumps_from_archive.keys())

    # No dumps metadata files were found, so for backwards compatibility, fall back to parsing the
    # paths of dumps found in the archive to get their respective dump metadata.
@@ -338,7 +339,7 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
    # Probe for the data source dumps in multiple locations, as the default location has moved to
    # the borgmatic runtime directory (which gets stored as just "/borgmatic" with Borg 1.4+). But
    # we still want to support reading dumps from previously created archives as well.
-    dump_paths = borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
+    dump_entries = borgmatic.borg.list.capture_archive_listing(
        repository,
        archive,
        config,
@@ -360,7 +361,9 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
        remote_path=remote_path,
    )

-    for dump_path in dump_paths:
+    for dump_entry in dump_entries:
+        dump_path = dump_entry.get('path')
+
        if not dump_path:
            continue

@@ -390,11 +393,11 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                port = None

-            dumps_from_archive.add(
+            dumps_from_archive[
                Dump(
                    hook_name, data_source_name, None if hostname == 'localhost' else hostname, port
                )
-            )
+            ] = None

            # We've successfully parsed the dump path, so need to probe any further.
            break
@@ -403,20 +406,21 @@ def collect_dumps_from_archive(
                f'Ignoring invalid data source dump path "{dump_path}" in archive {archive}',
            )

-    return dumps_from_archive
+    return tuple(dumps_from_archive.keys())


 def get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive):
    '''
    Given restore arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance indicating which dumps to restore and
-    a set of Dump instances representing the dumps found in an archive, return a set of specific
+    a tuple of Dump instances representing the dumps found in an archive, return a tuple of specific
    Dump instances from the archive to restore. As part of this, replace any Dump having a data
    source name of "all" with multiple named Dump instances as appropriate.

    Raise ValueError if any of the requested data source names cannot be found in the archive or if
    there are multiple archive dump matches for a given requested dump.
    '''
-    requested_dumps = (
+    requested_dumps = tuple(
+        # Use a dict comprehension as an ordered set.
        {
            Dump(
                hook_name=(
@@ -433,16 +437,16 @@ def get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive):
                port=restore_arguments.original_port,
                label=restore_arguments.original_label or UNSPECIFIED,
                container=restore_arguments.original_container or UNSPECIFIED,
-            )
+            ): None
            for name in restore_arguments.data_sources or (UNSPECIFIED,)
-        }
+        }.keys()
        if restore_arguments.hook
        or restore_arguments.data_sources
        or restore_arguments.original_hostname
        or restore_arguments.original_port
        or restore_arguments.original_label
        or restore_arguments.original_container
-        else {
+        else (
            Dump(
                hook_name=UNSPECIFIED,
                data_source_name='all',
@@ -451,14 +455,15 @@ def get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive):
                label=UNSPECIFIED,
                container=UNSPECIFIED,
            ),
-        }
+        )
    )
    missing_dumps = set()
-    dumps_to_restore = set()
+    dumps_to_restore = {}  # Use a dict as an ordered set.

    # If there's a requested "all" dump, add every dump from the archive to the dumps to restore.
    if any(dump for dump in requested_dumps if dump.data_source_name == 'all'):
-        dumps_to_restore.update(dumps_from_archive)
+        for dump in dumps_from_archive:
+            dumps_to_restore[dump] = None

    # If any archive dump matches a requested dump, add the archive dump to the dumps to restore.
    for requested_dump in requested_dumps:
@@ -474,7 +479,7 @@ def get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive):
        if len(matching_dumps) == 0:
            missing_dumps.add(requested_dump)
        elif len(matching_dumps) == 1:
-            dumps_to_restore.add(matching_dumps[0])
+            dumps_to_restore[matching_dumps[0]] = None
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f'Cannot restore data source {render_dump_metadata(requested_dump)} because there are multiple matching dumps in the archive. Try adding flags to disambiguate.',
@@ -489,20 +494,20 @@ def get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive):
            f"Cannot restore data source dump{'s' if len(missing_dumps) > 1 else ''} {rendered_dumps} missing from archive",
        )

-    return dumps_to_restore
+    return tuple(dumps_to_restore.keys())


 def ensure_requested_dumps_restored(dumps_to_restore, dumps_actually_restored):
    '''
-    Given a set of requested dumps to restore and a set of dumps actually restored, raise ValueError
-    if any requested dumps to restore weren't restored, indicating that they were missing from the
-    configuration.
+    Given a tuple of requested dumps to restore and a set of dumps actually restored, raise
+    ValueError if any requested dumps to restore weren't restored, indicating that they were missing
+    from the configuration.
    '''
-    if not dumps_actually_restored:
+    if not dumps_to_restore:
        raise ValueError('No data source dumps were found to restore')

    missing_dumps = sorted(
-        dumps_to_restore - dumps_actually_restored,
+        set(dumps_to_restore) - dumps_actually_restored,
        key=lambda dump: dump.data_source_name,
    )

@@ -524,18 +529,11 @@ def run_restore(
    remote_path,
 ):
    '''
-    Run the "restore" action for the given repository, but only if the repository matches the
-    requested repository in restore arguments.
+    Run the "restore" action for the given repository.

    Raise ValueError if a configured data source could not be found to restore or there's no
    matching dump in the archive.
    '''
-    if restore_arguments.repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
-        repository,
-        restore_arguments.repository,
-    ):
-        return
-
    logger.info(f'Restoring data sources from archive {restore_arguments.archive}')
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)

@@ -545,96 +543,82 @@ def run_restore(
            config,
            working_directory,
        )
-        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-            'remove_data_source_dumps',
-            config,
-            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            patterns,
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-        )

-        archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
-            repository['path'],
-            restore_arguments.archive,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-        )
-        dumps_from_archive = collect_dumps_from_archive(
-            repository['path'],
-            archive_name,
-            config,
-            local_borg_version,
-            global_arguments,
-            local_path,
-            remote_path,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-        )
-        dumps_to_restore = get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive)
-
-        dumps_actually_restored = set()
-        connection_params = {
-            'container': restore_arguments.container,
-            'hostname': restore_arguments.hostname,
-            'port': restore_arguments.port,
-            'username': restore_arguments.username,
-            'password': restore_arguments.password,
-            'restore_path': restore_arguments.restore_path,
-        }
-
-        # Restore each dump.
-        for restore_dump in dumps_to_restore:
-            found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
-                config,
-                restore_dump,
-            )
-            # For a dump that wasn't found via an exact match in the configuration, try to fallback
-            # to an "all" data source.
-            if not found_data_source:
-                found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
-                    config,
-                    Dump(
-                        restore_dump.hook_name,
-                        'all',
-                        restore_dump.hostname,
-                        restore_dump.port,
-                        restore_dump.label,
-                        restore_dump.container,
-                    ),
-                )
-
-                if not found_data_source:
-                    continue
-
-                found_data_source = dict(found_data_source)
-                found_data_source['name'] = restore_dump.data_source_name
-
-            dumps_actually_restored.add(restore_dump)
-
-            restore_single_dump(
-                repository,
+        with borgmatic.actions.dump.Dump_cleanup(
+            config, borgmatic_runtime_directory, patterns, global_arguments.dry_run
+        ):
+            archive_name = borgmatic.borg.repo_list.resolve_archive_name(
+                repository['path'],
+                restore_arguments.archive,
                config,
                local_borg_version,
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
                remote_path,
+            )
+            dumps_from_archive = collect_dumps_from_archive(
+                repository['path'],
                archive_name,
-                restore_dump.hook_name,
-                dict(found_data_source, schemas=restore_arguments.schemas),
-                connection_params,
+                config,
+                local_borg_version,
+                global_arguments,
+                local_path,
+                remote_path,
                borgmatic_runtime_directory,
            )
+            dumps_to_restore = get_dumps_to_restore(restore_arguments, dumps_from_archive)

-        borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(
-            'remove_data_source_dumps',
-            config,
-            borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.Hook_type.DATA_SOURCE,
-            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-            patterns,
-            global_arguments.dry_run,
-        )
+            dumps_actually_restored = set()
+            connection_params = {
+                'container': restore_arguments.container,
+                'hostname': restore_arguments.hostname,
+                'port': restore_arguments.port,
+                'username': restore_arguments.username,
+                'password': restore_arguments.password,
+                'restore_path': restore_arguments.restore_path,
+            }
+
+            # Restore each dump.
+            for restore_dump in dumps_to_restore:
+                found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
+                    config,
+                    restore_dump,
+                )
+                # For a dump that wasn't found via an exact match in the configuration, try to fallback
+                # to an "all" data source.
+                if not found_data_source:
+                    found_data_source = get_configured_data_source(
+                        config,
+                        Dump(
+                            restore_dump.hook_name,
+                            'all',
+                            restore_dump.hostname,
+                            restore_dump.port,
+                            restore_dump.label,
+                            restore_dump.container,
+                        ),
+                    )
+
+                    if not found_data_source:
+                        continue
+
+                    found_data_source = dict(found_data_source)
+                    found_data_source['name'] = restore_dump.data_source_name
+
+                dumps_actually_restored.add(restore_dump)
+
+                restore_single_dump(
+                    repository,
+                    config,
+                    local_borg_version,
+                    global_arguments,
+                    local_path,
+                    remote_path,
+                    archive_name,
+                    restore_dump.hook_name,
+                    dict(found_data_source, schemas=restore_arguments.schemas),
+                    connection_params,
+                    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+                )

    ensure_requested_dumps_restored(dumps_to_restore, dumps_actually_restored)
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def break_lock(
        (local_path, 'break-lock')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ def change_passphrase(
        (local_path, 'key', 'change-passphrase')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -66,5 +65,5 @@ def change_passphrase(
    )

    logger.answer(
-        f"{repository_path}: Don't forget to update your encryption_passphrase option (if needed)",
+        "Don't forget to update your encryption_passphrase option (if needed)",
    )
@@ -149,8 +149,10 @@ def check_archives(

    max_duration = check_arguments.max_duration or repository_check_config.get('max_duration')

+    # If not configured, elevate Borg's exit code 1 (an ostensible warning) to error, because Borg
+    # returns exit code 1 for repository check errors!
+    borg_exit_codes = [*config.get('borg_exit_codes', []), *[{'code': 1, 'treat_as': 'error'}]]
    umask = config.get('umask')
-    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)

    if 'data' in checks:
@@ -176,7 +178,13 @@ def check_archives(
            + make_check_name_flags(checks_subset, archive_filter_flags)
            + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
            + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-            + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+            + (
+                ('--log-json',)
+                if (
+                    config.get('log_json') or not (check_arguments.repair or config.get('progress'))
+                )
+                else ()
+            )
            + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
            + verbosity_flags
            + (('--progress',) if config.get('progress') else ())
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ def compact_segments(
        (local_path, 'compact')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if (config.get('log_json') or not config.get('progress')) else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--progress',) if config.get('progress') else ())
        + (('--cleanup-commits',) if cleanup_commits else ())
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ def validate_planned_backup_paths(
    local_path,
    working_directory,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+    find_special_files=False,
 ):
    '''
    Given a dry-run flag, a Borg create command as a tuple, a configuration dict, a local Borg path,
@@ -61,6 +62,9 @@ def validate_planned_backup_paths(
    given runtime directory exists, validate that it will be included in a backup and hasn't been
    excluded.

+    If find special files is True, then return the subset of planned backup paths that are special
+    files. Otherwise, return an empty tuple.
+
    Raise ValueError if the runtime directory has been excluded via "exclude_patterns" or similar,
    because any features that rely on the runtime directory getting backed up will break. For
    instance, without the runtime directory, Borg can't consume any database dumps and borgmatic may
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ def validate_planned_backup_paths(
    # Omit "--exclude-nodump" from the Borg dry run command, because that flag causes Borg to open
    # files including any named pipe we've created. And omit "--filter" because that can break the
    # paths output parsing below such that path lines no longer start with the expected "- ".
-    paths_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
+    path_lines = execute_command_and_capture_output(
        (
            *flags.omit_flag_and_value(
                flags.omit_flag(
@@ -90,44 +94,68 @@ def validate_planned_backup_paths(

    # These are all the individual files that Borg is planning to backup as determined by the Borg
    # create dry run above.
-    paths = tuple(
+    paths = (
        path_line.split(' ', 1)[1]
-        for path_line in paths_output.split('\n')
+        for path_line in path_lines
        if path_line and path_line.startswith(('- ', '+ '))
    )

-    # These are the subset of output paths contained within the borgmatic runtime directory.
-    paths_inside_runtime_directory = {
-        path for path in paths if any_parent_directories(path, (borgmatic_runtime_directory,))
+    include_pattern_paths = {
+        pattern.path
+        for pattern in patterns
+        if pattern.type == borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.INCLUDE
    }
-
-    # If the runtime directory isn't present in the source patterns, then we shouldn't expect it to
-    # be in the paths output from the Borg dry run.
-    runtime_directory_present_in_patterns = any(
+    runtime_directory_root_patterns = tuple(
        pattern
        for pattern in patterns
        if any_parent_directories(pattern.path, (borgmatic_runtime_directory,))
        if pattern.type == borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT
+        # Skip root patterns that have corresponding include patterns, because those will "punch
+        # through" any subsequent excludes.
+        if pattern.path not in include_pattern_paths
    )

-    # If no paths to backup are inside the runtime directory, it must've been excluded.
-    if (
-        not paths_inside_runtime_directory
-        and runtime_directory_present_in_patterns
-        and not dry_run
+    special_paths = []
+    validate_runtime_directory = bool(
+        not dry_run
        and os.path.exists(borgmatic_runtime_directory)
-    ):
-        raise ValueError(
-            f'The runtime directory {os.path.normpath(borgmatic_runtime_directory)} overlaps with the configured excludes or patterns with excludes. Please ensure the runtime directory is not excluded.',
+        and runtime_directory_root_patterns
+    )
+    runtime_directory_in_path = False
+
+    # Do everything in this one loop because we only want to consume the paths generator once.
+    for path in paths:
+        # If all root patterns in the runtime directory are missing from the paths Borg is planning
+        # to backup, then they must've gotten excluded, e.g. by user-configured excludes. Warn
+        # accordingly (below).
+        if validate_runtime_directory and any(
+            any_parent_directories(path, (pattern.path,))
+            for pattern in runtime_directory_root_patterns
+        ):
+            runtime_directory_in_path = True
+
+        # Return the subset of output paths that are special files but *not* contained within the
+        # borgmatic runtime directory. The intent is to skip runtime paths that borgmatic uses for its
+        # own bookkeeping, instead focusing on user-configured paths.
+        if (
+            find_special_files
+            and not any_parent_directories(path, (borgmatic_runtime_directory,))
+            and special_file(path, working_directory)
+        ):
+            special_paths.append(path)
+
+    if validate_runtime_directory and not runtime_directory_in_path:
+        logger.warning(
+            f'The runtime directory {os.path.normpath(borgmatic_runtime_directory)} overlaps with the configured excludes (or the snapshotted source directories are empty). Please ensure the runtime directory is not excluded.'
        )

-    return tuple(path for path in paths if path not in paths_inside_runtime_directory)
+    return tuple(special_paths)


 MAX_SPECIAL_FILE_PATHS_LENGTH = 1000


-def make_base_create_command(
+def make_base_create_command(  # noqa: PLR0912
    dry_run,
    repository_path,
    config,
@@ -151,7 +179,7 @@ def make_base_create_command(
    return a tuple of (base Borg create command flags, Borg create command positional arguments,
    open pattern file handle).
    '''
-    if config.get('source_directories_must_exist', False):
+    if config.get('source_directories_must_exist', True):
        borgmatic.borg.pattern.check_all_root_patterns_exist(patterns)

    patterns_file = borgmatic.borg.pattern.write_patterns_file(
@@ -167,6 +195,7 @@ def make_base_create_command(
    umask = config.get('umask', None)
    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
    list_filter_flags = flags.make_list_filter_flags(local_borg_version, dry_run)
+    files_changed = config.get('files_changed')
    files_cache = config.get('files_cache')
    archive_name_format = (
        config.get('archive_name_format', flags.get_default_archive_name_format(local_borg_version))
@@ -217,11 +246,12 @@ def make_base_create_command(
        + (('--nobirthtime',) if config.get('birthtime') is False else ())
        + (('--read-special',) if config.get('read_special') or stream_processes else ())
        + noflags_flags
+        + (('--files-changed', files_changed) if files_changed else ())
        + (('--files-cache', files_cache) if files_cache else ())
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if (config.get('log_json') or not config.get('progress')) else ())
        + (
            ('--list', '--filter', list_filter_flags)
            if config.get('list_details') and not json and not config.get('progress')
@@ -238,8 +268,16 @@ def make_base_create_command(
    )
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)

+    if config.get('unsafe_skip_path_validation_before_create'):
+        logger.debug(
+            'Skipping pre-backup path validation due to "unsafe_skip_path_validation_before_create" option.'
+        )
+
+        return (create_flags, create_positional_arguments, patterns_file)
+
    logger.debug('Checking file paths Borg plans to include')
-    planned_backup_paths = validate_planned_backup_paths(
+
+    special_file_paths = validate_planned_backup_paths(
        dry_run,
        create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
        config,
@@ -247,44 +285,41 @@ def make_base_create_command(
        local_path,
        working_directory,
        borgmatic_runtime_directory=borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+        find_special_files=bool(stream_processes),
    )

-    # If database hooks are enabled (as indicated by streaming processes), exclude files that might
-    # cause Borg to hang. But skip this if the user has explicitly set the "read_special" to True.
-    if stream_processes and not config.get('read_special'):
+    if stream_processes and config.get('read_special') is False:
        logger.warning(
            'Ignoring configured "read_special" value of false, as true is needed for database hooks.',
        )

-        special_file_paths = tuple(
-            path for path in planned_backup_paths if special_file(path, working_directory)
+    # If database hooks are enabled (as indicated by streaming processes), exclude files that might
+    # cause Borg to hang. But skip this if the user has explicitly set the "read_special" to True.
+    if special_file_paths:
+        truncated_special_file_paths = textwrap.shorten(
+            ', '.join(special_file_paths),
+            width=MAX_SPECIAL_FILE_PATHS_LENGTH,
+            placeholder=' ...',
+        )
+        logger.warning(
+            f'Excluding special files to prevent Borg from hanging: {truncated_special_file_paths}',
+        )
+        patterns_file = borgmatic.borg.pattern.write_patterns_file(
+            tuple(
+                borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
+                    special_file_path,
+                    borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.NO_RECURSE,
+                    borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_style.FNMATCH,
+                    source=borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_source.INTERNAL,
+                )
+                for special_file_path in special_file_paths
+            ),
+            borgmatic_runtime_directory,
+            patterns_file=patterns_file,
        )

-        if special_file_paths:
-            truncated_special_file_paths = textwrap.shorten(
-                ', '.join(special_file_paths),
-                width=MAX_SPECIAL_FILE_PATHS_LENGTH,
-                placeholder=' ...',
-            )
-            logger.warning(
-                f'Excluding special files to prevent Borg from hanging: {truncated_special_file_paths}',
-            )
-            patterns_file = borgmatic.borg.pattern.write_patterns_file(
-                tuple(
-                    borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
-                        special_file_path,
-                        borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.NO_RECURSE,
-                        borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_style.FNMATCH,
-                        source=borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_source.INTERNAL,
-                    )
-                    for special_file_path in special_file_paths
-                ),
-                borgmatic_runtime_directory,
-                patterns_file=patterns_file,
-            )
-
-            if '--patterns-from' not in create_flags:
-                create_flags += ('--patterns-from', patterns_file.name)
+        if '--patterns-from' not in create_flags:
+            create_flags += ('--patterns-from', patterns_file.name)

    return (create_flags, create_positional_arguments, patterns_file)

@@ -356,25 +391,31 @@ def create_archive(
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')

    if stream_processes:
-        return execute_command_with_processes(
-            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
-            stream_processes,
-            output_log_level,
-            output_file,
-            working_directory=working_directory,
-            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        output = '\n'.join(
+            execute_command_with_processes(
+                create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
+                stream_processes,
+                output_log_level,
+                output_file,
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+                borg_local_path=local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            )
        )
+        return output if json else None

    if output_log_level is None:
-        return execute_command_and_capture_output(
-            create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
-            working_directory=working_directory,
-            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        output = '\n'.join(
+            execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+                borg_local_path=local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            )
        )
+        return output if json else None

    execute_command(
        create_flags + create_positional_arguments,
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def make_delete_command(
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('dry-run', global_arguments.dry_run)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('list', config.get('list_details'))
        + (
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import logging
+import shlex
+
+import borgmatic.borg.environment
+import borgmatic.borg.feature
+import borgmatic.config.paths
+import borgmatic.execute
+from borgmatic.borg import flags
+from borgmatic.borg.pattern import write_patterns_file
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def diff(
+    repository,
+    archive,
+    second_archive,
+    config,
+    local_borg_version,
+    diff_arguments,
+    global_arguments,
+    local_path,
+    remote_path=None,
+    patterns=None,
+):
+    '''
+    Given a local or remote repository path, two archive names, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    version string, an argparse.Namespace of diff arguments, an argparse.Namespace of global
+    arguments, optional local and remote Borg paths, executes the diff command with the given
+    arguments.
+    '''
+    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
+
+    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    exclude_flags = flags.make_exclude_flags(config)
+    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('diff', '')
+
+    if diff_arguments.only_patterns:
+        # Write patterns to a temporary file and use that file with --patterns-from.
+        patterns_file = write_patterns_file(
+            patterns,
+            borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+        )
+    else:
+        patterns_file = None
+
+    if borgmatic.borg.feature.available(
+        borgmatic.borg.feature.Feature.NUMERIC_IDS, local_borg_version
+    ):
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+    else:
+        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-owner',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
+
+    diff_command = (
+        (local_path, 'diff')
+        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
+        + ('--log-json',)
+        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait is not None else ())
+        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
+        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
+        + (
+            ('--patterns-from', patterns_file.name)
+            if patterns_file and diff_arguments.only_patterns
+            else ()
+        )
+        + exclude_flags
+        + numeric_ids_flags
+        + (('--same-chunker-params',) if diff_arguments.same_chunker_params else ())
+        + (('--sort-by', ','.join(diff_arguments.sort_keys)) if diff_arguments.sort_keys else ())
+        + (('--content-only',) if diff_arguments.content_only else ())
+        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
+        + (
+            (*flags.make_repository_flags(repository, local_borg_version), archive)
+            if borgmatic.borg.feature.available(
+                borgmatic.borg.feature.Feature.SEPARATE_REPOSITORY_ARCHIVE,
+                local_borg_version,
+            )
+            else flags.make_repository_archive_flags(repository, archive, local_borg_version)
+        )
+        + (second_archive,)
+    )
+
+    borgmatic.execute.execute_command(
+        full_command=diff_command,
+        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
+        environment=borgmatic.borg.environment.make_environment(config),
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+        borg_local_path=local_path,
+        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+    )
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ DEFAULT_BOOL_OPTION_TO_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = {
    'relocated_repo_access_is_ok': 'BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK',
    'unknown_unencrypted_repo_access_is_ok': 'BORG_UNKNOWN_UNENCRYPTED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK',
    'use_chunks_archive': 'BORG_USE_CHUNKS_ARCHIVE',
+    'msgpack_version_check': 'BORG_MSGPACK_VERSION_CHECK',
 }


@@ -90,7 +91,8 @@ def make_environment(config):
    ) in DEFAULT_BOOL_OPTION_TO_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE.items():
        if os.environ.get(environment_variable_name) is None:
            value = config.get(option_name)
-            environment[environment_variable_name] = 'YES' if value else 'NO'
+            if value is not None:
+                environment[environment_variable_name] = 'YES' if value else 'NO'

    for (
        option_name,
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def export_key(
        (local_path, 'key', 'export')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if output_file is None else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def export_tar_archive(
        (local_path, 'export-tar')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if destination_path != '-' else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--list',) if config.get('list_details') else ())
@@ -49,9 +49,10 @@ def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
    full_extract_command = (
        (local_path, 'extract', '--dry-run')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if not config.get('progress') else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + verbosity_flags
+        + (('--progress',) if config.get('progress') else ())
        + list_flag
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + flags.make_repository_archive_flags(
@@ -61,13 +62,23 @@ def extract_last_archive_dry_run(
        )
    )

-    execute_command(
-        full_extract_command,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
-    )
+    if config.get('progress'):
+        execute_command(
+            full_extract_command,
+            output_file=DO_NOT_CAPTURE,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        )
+    else:
+        execute_command(
+            full_extract_command,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        )


 def extract_archive(
@@ -97,9 +108,6 @@ def extract_archive(
    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('extract', '')

-    if config.get('progress') and extract_to_stdout:
-        raise ValueError('progress and extract to stdout cannot both be set')
-
    if feature.available(feature.Feature.NUMERIC_IDS, local_borg_version):
        numeric_ids_flags = ('--numeric-ids',) if config.get('numeric_ids') else ()
    else:
@@ -127,13 +135,13 @@ def extract_archive(
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + numeric_ids_flags
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if (config.get('log_json') or not config.get('progress')) else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--list', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
        + (('--dry-run',) if dry_run else ())
        + (('--strip-components', str(strip_components)) if strip_components else ())
-        + (('--progress',) if config.get('progress') else ())
+        + (('--progress',) if config.get('progress') and not extract_to_stdout else ())
        + (('--stdout',) if extract_to_stdout else ())
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + flags.make_repository_archive_flags(
@@ -152,6 +160,17 @@ def extract_archive(
        os.path.join(working_directory or '', destination_path) if destination_path else None
    )

+    if extract_to_stdout:
+        return execute_command(
+            full_command,
+            output_file=subprocess.PIPE,
+            run_to_completion=False,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=full_destination_path,
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        )
+
    # The progress output isn't compatible with captured and logged output, as progress messes with
    # the terminal directly.
    if config.get('progress'):
@@ -165,17 +184,6 @@ def extract_archive(
        )
        return None

-    if extract_to_stdout:
-        return execute_command(
-            full_command,
-            output_file=subprocess.PIPE,
-            run_to_completion=False,
-            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-            working_directory=full_destination_path,
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
-        )
-
    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
    execute_command(
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import itertools
-import json
 import logging
 import re

@@ -135,27 +134,18 @@ def make_match_archives_flags(  # noqa: PLR0911
    return ('--glob-archives', f'{derived_match_archives}')


-def warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_output):
+def warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(command, output_lines):
    '''
-    Given a JSON archives command and the resulting JSON string output from running it, parse the
-    JSON and warn if the command used an archive flag but the output indicates zero archives were
-    found.
+    Given an archives command and the resulting output lines from running it, warn if the command
+    used an archive flag but the output indicates zero archives were found.
    '''
-    archive_flags_used = {'--glob-archives', '--match-archives'}.intersection(set(json_command))
-
-    if not archive_flags_used:
-        return
-
-    try:
-        if len(json.loads(json_output)['archives']) == 0:
-            logger.warning('An archive filter was applied, but no matching archives were found.')
-            logger.warning(
-                'Try adding --match-archives "*" or adjusting archive_name_format/match_archives in configuration.',
-            )
-    except json.JSONDecodeError as error:
-        logger.debug(f'Cannot parse JSON output from archive command: {error}')
-    except (TypeError, KeyError):
-        logger.debug('Cannot parse JSON output from archive command: No "archives" key found')
+    if {'--glob-archives', '--match-archives'}.intersection(set(command)) and len(
+        tuple(line for line in output_lines if not line.startswith('terminating with '))
+    ) == 0:
+        logger.warning('An archive filter was applied, but no matching archives were found.')
+        logger.warning(
+            'Try adding --match-archives "*" or adjusting archive_name_format/match_archives in configuration.',
+        )


 def omit_flag(arguments, flag):
@@ -3,9 +3,8 @@ import os
 import shlex

 import borgmatic.config.paths
-import borgmatic.logger
 from borgmatic.borg import environment, flags
-from borgmatic.execute import DO_NOT_CAPTURE, execute_command
+from borgmatic.execute import execute_command

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -33,19 +32,18 @@ def import_key(
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)
    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('key_import', '')

-    if import_arguments.path and import_arguments.path != '-':
-        if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(working_directory or '', import_arguments.path)):
-            raise ValueError(f'Path {import_arguments.path} does not exist. Aborting.')
-
-        input_file = None
-    else:
-        input_file = DO_NOT_CAPTURE
+    if (
+        import_arguments.path
+        and import_arguments.path != '-'
+        and not os.path.exists(os.path.join(working_directory or '', import_arguments.path))
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(f'Path {import_arguments.path} does not exist. Aborting.')

    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'key', 'import')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -55,7 +53,7 @@ def import_key(
            repository_path,
            local_borg_version,
        )
-        + ((import_arguments.path,) if input_file is None else ())
+        + (import_arguments.path or '-',)
    )

    if global_arguments.dry_run:
@@ -64,7 +62,6 @@ def import_key(

    execute_command(
        full_command,
-        input_file=input_file,
        output_log_level=logging.INFO,
        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
        working_directory=working_directory,
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import shlex
 import borgmatic.config.paths
 import borgmatic.logger
 from borgmatic.borg import environment, feature, flags
-from borgmatic.execute import execute_command, execute_command_and_capture_output
+from borgmatic.execute import execute_command_and_capture_output

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def make_info_command(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + (
            (
@@ -103,26 +103,28 @@ def display_archives_info(
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)

-    json_info = execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        json_command,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=working_directory,
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
-    )
-
    if info_arguments.json:
-        return json_info
+        return '\n'.join(
+            execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                json_command,
+                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+                borg_local_path=local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            )
+        )

-    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_info)
-
-    execute_command(
-        main_command,
-        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=working_directory,
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+    output_lines = tuple(
+        execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            main_command,
+            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=working_directory,
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        )
    )

+    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(main_command, output_lines)
+
    return None
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import argparse
 import copy
+import json
 import logging
 import re
 import shlex
@@ -18,6 +19,8 @@ MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES = (
    'archive',
    'paths',
    'find_paths',
+    'format',
+    'json',
    *ARCHIVE_FILTER_FLAGS_MOVED_TO_REPO_LIST,
 )

@@ -52,8 +55,10 @@ def make_list_command(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + ('--log-json',)
+        + flags.make_flags('json-lines', list_arguments.json)
        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
+        + flags.make_flags('format', list_arguments.format or config.get('file_list_format'))
        + flags.make_flags_from_arguments(list_arguments, excludes=MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES)
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + (
@@ -107,14 +112,15 @@ def capture_archive_listing(
    remote_path=None,
 ):
    '''
-    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a configuration
-    dict, the local Borg version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace,
-    the archive paths (or Borg patterns) in which to list files, the Borg path
-    format to use for the output, and local and remote Borg paths, capture the
-    output of listing that archive and return it as a list of file paths.
+    Given a local or remote repository path, an archive name, a configuration dict, the local Borg
+    version, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace, the archive paths (or Borg patterns) in
+    which to list files, the Borg path format indicating keys to include in the output, and local
+    and remote Borg paths, capture the output of listing that archive and return it as a sequence of
+    dicts, one per path.
    '''
    return tuple(
-        execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        json.loads(entry)
+        for entry in execute_command_and_capture_output(
            make_list_command(
                repository_path,
                config,
@@ -124,8 +130,8 @@ def capture_archive_listing(
                    archive=archive,
                    paths=list(list_paths) if list_paths else None,
                    find_paths=None,
-                    json=None,
-                    format=path_format or '{path}{NUL}',
+                    json=True,
+                    format=path_format or None,
                ),
                global_arguments,
                local_path,
@@ -136,8 +142,6 @@ def capture_archive_listing(
            borg_local_path=local_path,
            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
        )
-        .strip('\0')
-        .split('\0'),
    )


@@ -194,11 +198,6 @@ def list_archive(
                    f"The --{name.replace('_', '-')} flag on the list action is ignored when using the --archive flag.",
                )

-    if list_arguments.json:
-        raise ValueError(
-            'The --json flag on the list action is not supported when using the --archive/--find flags.',
-        )
-
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')

    # If there are any paths to find (and there's not a single archive already selected), start by
@@ -217,24 +216,20 @@ def list_archive(
        )

        # Ask Borg to list archives. Capture its output for use below.
-        archive_lines = tuple(
-            execute_command_and_capture_output(
-                repo_list.make_repo_list_command(
-                    repository_path,
-                    config,
-                    local_borg_version,
-                    repo_list_arguments,
-                    global_arguments,
-                    local_path,
-                    remote_path,
-                ),
-                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-                working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
-                borg_local_path=local_path,
-                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
-            )
-            .strip('\n')
-            .splitlines(),
+        archive_lines = execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            repo_list.make_repo_list_command(
+                repository_path,
+                config,
+                local_borg_version,
+                repo_list_arguments,
+                global_arguments,
+                local_path,
+                remote_path,
+            ),
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
        )
    else:
        archive_lines = (list_arguments.archive,)
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def mount_archive(
        (local_path, 'mount')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + (('--log-json',) if not mount_arguments.foreground else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ def run_passcommand(passcommand, working_directory):
    Cache the results so that the passcommand only needs to run—and potentially prompt the user—once
    per borgmatic invocation.
    '''
-    return borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        shlex.split(passcommand),
-        working_directory=working_directory,
+    return '\n'.join(
+        borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            shlex.split(passcommand),
+            working_directory=working_directory,
+        )
    )


@@ -72,9 +72,9 @@ def prune_archives(
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'prune')
        + make_prune_flags(config, prune_arguments, local_borg_version)
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (
            ('--stats',)
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def recreate_archive(
    recreate_command = (
        (local_path, 'recreate')
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait is not None else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ def recreate_archive(
        + (('--chunker-params', chunker_params) if chunker_params else ())
        + (('--recompress', recompress) if recompress else ())
        + exclude_flags
+        + (('--dry-run',) if global_arguments.dry_run else ())
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + (
            (
@@ -94,10 +95,6 @@ def recreate_archive(
        )
    )

-    if global_arguments.dry_run:
-        logger.info('Skipping the archive recreation (dry run)')
-        return
-
    borgmatic.execute.execute_command(
        full_command=recreate_command,
        output_log_level=logging.INFO,
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import logging
 import shlex

+import borgmatic.borg.environment
 import borgmatic.borg.flags

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ def make_rename_command(
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('dry-run', dry_run)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_repository_archive_flags(
@@ -89,7 +89,6 @@ def create_repository(
        + (('--make-parent-dirs',) if make_parent_directories else ())
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug',) if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
-        + (('--log-json',) if config.get('log_json') else ())
        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
@@ -21,13 +21,22 @@ def make_repo_delete_command(
    global_arguments,
    local_path,
    remote_path,
+    output_file,
 ):
    '''
    Given a local or remote repository dict, a configuration dict, the local Borg version, the
-    arguments to the repo_delete action as an argparse.Namespace, and global arguments, return a command
-    as a tuple to repo_delete the entire repository.
+    arguments to the repo_delete action as an argparse.Namespace, and global arguments, the Borg
+    local path, the Borg remote path, and an optional output file, return a command as a tuple to
+    repo_delete the entire repository.
    '''
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('repo_delete', '')
+    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get(
+        'repo_delete'
+        if borgmatic.borg.feature.available(
+            borgmatic.borg.feature.Feature.REPO_DELETE, local_borg_version
+        )
+        else 'delete',
+        '',
+    )

    return (
        (local_path,)
@@ -44,7 +53,7 @@ def make_repo_delete_command(
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('dry-run', global_arguments.dry_run)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + (('--log-json',) if output_file is None else ())
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + borgmatic.borg.flags.make_flags('list', config.get('list_details'))
        + (
@@ -80,6 +89,14 @@ def delete_repository(
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()

+    # Don't capture output when Borg is expected to prompt for interactive confirmation, or the
+    # prompt won't work.
+    output_file = (
+        None
+        if repo_delete_arguments.force or repo_delete_arguments.cache_only
+        else borgmatic.execute.DO_NOT_CAPTURE
+    )
+
    command = make_repo_delete_command(
        repository,
        config,
@@ -88,18 +105,13 @@ def delete_repository(
        global_arguments,
        local_path,
        remote_path,
+        output_file,
    )

    borgmatic.execute.execute_command(
        command,
        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
-        # Don't capture output when Borg is expected to prompt for interactive confirmation, or the
-        # prompt won't work.
-        output_file=(
-            None
-            if repo_delete_arguments.force or repo_delete_arguments.cache_only
-            else borgmatic.execute.DO_NOT_CAPTURE
-        ),
+        output_file=output_file,
        environment=borgmatic.borg.environment.make_environment(config),
        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
        borg_local_path=local_path,
@@ -25,7 +25,10 @@ def display_repository_info(
    '''
    borgmatic.logger.add_custom_log_levels()
    lock_wait = config.get('lock_wait', None)
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('repo_info', '')
+    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get(
+        'repo_info' if feature.available(feature.Feature.REPO_INFO, local_borg_version) else 'info',
+        '',
+    )

    full_command = (
        (local_path,)
@@ -34,6 +37,7 @@ def display_repository_info(
            if feature.available(feature.Feature.REPO_INFO, local_borg_version)
            else ('info',)
        )
+        + (('--critical',) if repo_info_arguments.json else ())
        + (
            ('--info',)
            if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO and not repo_info_arguments.json
@@ -46,8 +50,8 @@ def display_repository_info(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', lock_wait)
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--json',) if repo_info_arguments.json else ())
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
@@ -57,12 +61,14 @@ def display_repository_info(
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')

    if repo_info_arguments.json:
-        return execute_command_and_capture_output(
-            full_command,
-            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-            working_directory=working_directory,
-            borg_local_path=local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        return '\n'.join(
+            execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                full_command,
+                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+                borg_local_path=local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            )
        )

    execute_command(
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import shlex
 import borgmatic.config.paths
 import borgmatic.logger
 from borgmatic.borg import environment, feature, flags
-from borgmatic.execute import execute_command, execute_command_and_capture_output
+from borgmatic.execute import execute_command_and_capture_output

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

@@ -63,7 +63,10 @@ def get_latest_archive(

    Raises ValueError if there are no archives in the repository.
    '''
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('repo_list', '')
+    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get(
+        'repo_list' if feature.available(feature.Feature.REPO_LIST, local_borg_version) else 'list',
+        '',
+    )

    full_command = (
        local_path,
@@ -74,8 +77,15 @@ def get_latest_archive(
        ),
        *flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path),
        *flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask')),
-        *flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json')),
+        *('--log-json',),
        *flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait')),
+        *(
+            flags.make_match_archives_flags(
+                config.get('match_archives'),
+                config.get('archive_name_format'),
+                local_borg_version,
+            )
+        ),
        *(
            flags.make_flags('consider-checkpoints', consider_checkpoints)
            if not feature.available(feature.Feature.REPO_LIST, local_borg_version)
@@ -87,12 +97,14 @@ def get_latest_archive(
        *flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version),
    )

-    json_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        full_command,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+    json_output = '\n'.join(
+        execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            full_command,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        )
    )

    archives = json.loads(json_output)['archives']
@@ -107,7 +119,7 @@ def get_latest_archive(
    return latest_archive


-MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES = ('repository', 'prefix', 'match_archives')
+MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES = ('repository', 'format', 'prefix', 'match_archives')


 def make_repo_list_command(
@@ -124,7 +136,10 @@ def make_repo_list_command(
    arguments to the repo_list action, global arguments as an argparse.Namespace instance, and local and
    remote Borg paths, return a command as a tuple to list archives with a repository.
    '''
-    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('repo_list', '')
+    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get(
+        'repo_list' if feature.available(feature.Feature.REPO_LIST, local_borg_version) else 'list',
+        '',
+    )

    return (
        (
@@ -147,7 +162,7 @@ def make_repo_list_command(
        )
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + (
            (
@@ -164,6 +179,9 @@ def make_repo_list_command(
                )
            )
        )
+        + flags.make_flags(
+            'format', repo_list_arguments.format or config.get('archive_list_format')
+        )
        + flags.make_flags_from_arguments(repo_list_arguments, excludes=MAKE_FLAGS_EXCLUDES)
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
        + flags.make_repository_flags(repository_path, local_borg_version)
@@ -208,26 +226,28 @@ def list_repository(
    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)
    borg_exit_codes = config.get('borg_exit_codes')

-    json_listing = execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        json_command,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=working_directory,
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
-    )
-
    if repo_list_arguments.json:
-        return json_listing
+        return '\n'.join(
+            execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                json_command,
+                environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+                working_directory=working_directory,
+                borg_local_path=local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+            )
+        )

-    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(json_command, json_listing)
-
-    execute_command(
-        main_command,
-        output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=working_directory,
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+    output_lines = tuple(
+        execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            main_command,
+            output_log_level=logging.ANSWER,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=working_directory,
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=borg_exit_codes,
+        )
    )

+    flags.warn_for_aggressive_archive_flags(main_command, output_lines)
+
    return None
@@ -1 +1 @@
-DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY = '~/.borgmatic'
+DEFAULT_BORGMATIC_SOURCE_DIRECTORY = '~/.borgmatic'  # pragma: nocover
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def transfer_archives(
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
        + flags.make_flags('remote-path', remote_path)
        + flags.make_flags('umask', config.get('umask'))
-        + flags.make_flags('log-json', config.get('log_json'))
+        + (('--log-json',) if (config.get('log_json') or not config.get('progress')) else ())
        + flags.make_flags('lock-wait', config.get('lock_wait'))
        + flags.make_flags('progress', config.get('progress'))
        + (
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ def unmount_archive(config, mount_point, local_path='borg'):
    extra_borg_options = config.get('extra_borg_options', {}).get('umount', '')
    full_command = (
        (local_path, 'umount')
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
        + (tuple(shlex.split(extra_borg_options)) if extra_borg_options else ())
@@ -16,16 +16,19 @@ def local_borg_version(config, local_path='borg'):
    '''
    full_command = (
        (local_path, '--version')
+        + ('--log-json',)
        + (('--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
    )

-    output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        full_command,
-        environment=environment.make_environment(config),
-        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
-        borg_local_path=local_path,
-        borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+    output = '\n'.join(
+        execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            full_command,
+            environment=environment.make_environment(config),
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes=config.get('borg_exit_codes'),
+        )
    )

    try:
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ ACTION_ALIASES = {
    'key': [],
    'borg': [],
    'recreate': [],
+    'diff': [],
 }


@@ -297,7 +298,14 @@ def parse_arguments_for_actions(unparsed_arguments, action_parsers, global_parse
    )


-OMITTED_FLAG_NAMES = {'match-archives', 'progress', 'statistics', 'list-details'}
+OMITTED_FLAG_NAMES = {
+    'match-archives',
+    'progress',
+    'statistics',
+    'list-details',
+    'file-list-format',
+    'archive-list-format',
+}


 def make_argument_description(schema, flag_name):
@@ -568,8 +576,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
    ignoring actions, and the combined parser is handy for displaying help that includes everything:
    global flags, a list of actions, etc.
    '''
-    config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths(expand_home=True)
-    unexpanded_config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths(expand_home=False)
+    config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths()

    # Using allow_abbrev=False here prevents the global parser from erroring about "ambiguous"
    # options like --encryption. Such options are intended for an action parser rather than the
@@ -582,7 +589,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        '--config',
        dest='config_paths',
        action='append',
-        help=f"Configuration filename or directory, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to: -c {' -c '.join(unexpanded_config_paths)}",
+        help='Configuration filename or directory, can specify flag multiple times, defaults to /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml, /etc/borgmatic.d, $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/borgmatic/config.yaml, and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/borgmatic.d, where $XDG_CONFIG_HOME defaults to $HOME/.config',
    )
    global_group.add_argument(
        '-n',
@@ -1215,7 +1222,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        '--destination',
        dest='destination_path',
        default=config_paths[0],
-        help=f'Destination configuration file (or directory if using --split), default: {unexpanded_config_paths[0]}',
+        help='Destination configuration file (or directory if using --split), default: /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml',
    )
    config_generate_group.add_argument(
        '--overwrite',
@@ -1255,6 +1262,29 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        help='Show this help message and exit',
    )

+    config_show_parser = config_parsers.add_parser(
+        'show',
+        help='Show the computed configuration for each file specified with --config (see borgmatic --help)',
+        description='Show the computed configuration for each file specified with --config (see borgmatic --help)',
+        add_help=False,
+    )
+    config_show_group = config_show_parser.add_argument_group('config show arguments')
+    config_show_group.add_argument(
+        '--option',
+        help='Show the value of a single named configuration option instead of the entire configuration',
+    )
+    config_show_group.add_argument(
+        '--json',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Show the configuration as JSON with one array element per configuration file',
+    )
+    config_show_group.add_argument(
+        '-h',
+        '--help',
+        action='help',
+        help='Show this help message and exit',
+    )
+
    export_tar_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'export-tar',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['export-tar'],
@@ -1542,7 +1572,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        action='store_true',
        help='Output only archive names',
    )
-    repo_list_group.add_argument('--format', help='Format for archive listing')
+    repo_list_group.add_argument('--format', help='Borg format for the archive listing')
    repo_list_group.add_argument(
        '--json',
        default=False,
@@ -1645,7 +1675,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        action='store_true',
        help='Output only path names',
    )
-    list_group.add_argument('--format', help='Format for file listing')
+    list_group.add_argument('--format', help='Borg format for the file listing')
    list_group.add_argument(
        '--json',
        default=False,
@@ -1925,7 +1955,7 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
    )
    recreate_group.add_argument(
        '--archive',
-        help='Archive name, hash, or series to recreate',
+        help='Archive name, hash, or series to recreate, defaults to all archives in the repository (if specified), or all archives across all repositories',
    )
    recreate_group.add_argument(
        '--list',
@@ -1964,6 +1994,47 @@ def make_parsers(schema, unparsed_arguments):  # noqa: PLR0915
        help='Show this help message and exit',
    )

+    diff_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
+        'diff',
+        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['diff'],
+        help='This command finds differences (file contents, user/group/mode) between archives',
+        description='This command finds differences (file contents, user/group/mode) between archives',
+    )
+    diff_group = diff_parser.add_argument_group('diff arguments')
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--repository',
+        help='Path of repository containing archive to diff, defaults to the configured repository if there is only one, quoted globs supported',
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--archive',
+        help='Archive name, hash, or series to diff',
+        required=True,
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--second-archive',
+        help='Second archive name, hash, or series to diff',
+        required=True,
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--same-chunker-params', action='store_true', help='Override check of chunker parameters'
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--sort-by',
+        metavar='KEY',
+        dest='sort_keys',
+        action='append',
+        help='Advanced sorting: specify field(s) to sort by. Prefix with > for descending or < for ascending (default)',
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--content-only',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Only compare differences in content (exclude metadata differences)',
+    )
+    diff_group.add_argument(
+        '--only-patterns',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Run the diff according to borgmatic configured patterns (ie do not diff entire archives)',
+    )
    borg_parser = action_parsers.add_parser(
        'borg',
        aliases=ACTION_ALIASES['borg'],
@@ -2015,7 +2086,7 @@ def parse_arguments(schema, *unparsed_arguments):
    )

    if not arguments['global'].config_paths:
-        arguments['global'].config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths(expand_home=True)
+        arguments['global'].config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths()

    for action_name in ('bootstrap', 'generate', 'validate'):
        if action_name in arguments and len(arguments) > HIGHLANDER_ACTION_ARGUMENTS_COUNT:
@@ -17,9 +17,11 @@ import borgmatic.actions.check
 import borgmatic.actions.compact
 import borgmatic.actions.config.bootstrap
 import borgmatic.actions.config.generate
+import borgmatic.actions.config.show
 import borgmatic.actions.config.validate
 import borgmatic.actions.create
 import borgmatic.actions.delete
+import borgmatic.actions.diff
 import borgmatic.actions.export_key
 import borgmatic.actions.export_tar
 import borgmatic.actions.extract
@@ -340,7 +342,7 @@ def run_actions(  # noqa: PLR0912, PLR0915
    '''
    Given parsed command-line arguments as an argparse.ArgumentParser instance, the configuration
    filename, a configuration dict, a sequence of loaded configuration paths, local and remote paths
-    to Borg, a local Borg version string, and a repository name, run all actions from the
+    to Borg, a local Borg version string, and a repository dict, run all actions from the
    command-line arguments on the given repository.

    Yield JSON output strings from executing any actions that produce JSON.
@@ -362,6 +364,22 @@ def run_actions(  # noqa: PLR0912, PLR0915
        'repository': repository_path,
    }
    skip_actions = set(get_skip_actions(config, arguments))
+    requested_repository = next(
+        (
+            repository
+            for action_arguments in arguments.values()
+            for repository in (getattr(action_arguments, 'repository', None),)
+            if repository is not None
+        ),
+        None,
+    )
+
+    if requested_repository and not borgmatic.config.validate.repositories_match(
+        repository,
+        requested_repository,
+    ):
+        logger.debug('Skipping actions because the requested --repository does not match')
+        return

    with borgmatic.hooks.command.Before_after_hooks(
        command_hooks=config.get('commands'),
@@ -425,6 +443,7 @@ def run_actions(  # noqa: PLR0912, PLR0915
                        local_borg_version,
                        action_arguments,
                        global_arguments,
+                        dry_run_label,
                        local_path,
                        remote_path,
                    )
@@ -605,6 +624,16 @@ def run_actions(  # noqa: PLR0912, PLR0915
                        local_path,
                        remote_path,
                    )
+                elif action_name == 'diff':
+                    borgmatic.actions.diff.run_diff(
+                        repository,
+                        config,
+                        local_borg_version,
+                        action_arguments,
+                        global_arguments,
+                        local_path,
+                        remote_path,
+                    )
                elif action_name == 'borg':
                    borgmatic.actions.borg.run_borg(
                        repository,
@@ -644,6 +673,7 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, arguments, overrides=None, resolve_env
                        levelno=logging.DEBUG,
                        levelname='DEBUG',
                        msg=f'{config_filename}: Loading configuration file',
+                        name=logger.name,
                    ),
                ),
            ],
@@ -666,6 +696,7 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, arguments, overrides=None, resolve_env
                            levelno=logging.CRITICAL,
                            levelname='CRITICAL',
                            msg=f'{config_filename}: Insufficient permissions to read configuration file',
+                            name=logger.name,
                        ),
                    ),
                ],
@@ -678,10 +709,16 @@ def load_configurations(config_filenames, arguments, overrides=None, resolve_env
                            levelno=logging.CRITICAL,
                            levelname='CRITICAL',
                            msg=f'{config_filename}: Error parsing configuration file',
+                            name=logger.name,
                        ),
                    ),
                    logging.makeLogRecord(
-                        dict(levelno=logging.CRITICAL, levelname='CRITICAL', msg=str(error)),
+                        dict(
+                            levelno=logging.CRITICAL,
+                            levelname='CRITICAL',
+                            msg=str(error),
+                            name=logger.name,
+                        ),
                    ),
                ],
            )
@@ -694,7 +731,7 @@ def log_record(suppress_log=False, **kwargs):
    Create a log record based on the given makeLogRecord() arguments, one of which must be
    named "levelno". Log the record (unless suppress log is set) and return it.
    '''
-    record = logging.makeLogRecord(kwargs)
+    record = logging.makeLogRecord(dict(kwargs, name=logger.name))
    if suppress_log:
        return record

@@ -785,18 +822,18 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
    '''
    add_custom_log_levels()

-    if 'bootstrap' in arguments:
-        try:
-            # No configuration file is needed for bootstrap.
-            local_borg_version = borg_version.local_borg_version(
-                {},
-                arguments['bootstrap'].local_path,
-            )
-        except (OSError, CalledProcessError, ValueError) as error:
-            yield from log_error_records('Error getting local Borg version', error)
-            return
+    try:
+        if 'bootstrap' in arguments:
+            try:
+                # No configuration file is needed for bootstrap.
+                local_borg_version = borg_version.local_borg_version(
+                    {},
+                    arguments['bootstrap'].local_path,
+                )
+            except (OSError, CalledProcessError, ValueError) as error:
+                yield from log_error_records('Error getting local Borg version', error)
+                return

-        try:
            borgmatic.actions.config.bootstrap.run_bootstrap(
                arguments['bootstrap'],
                arguments['global'],
@@ -807,19 +844,13 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
                    levelno=logging.ANSWER,
                    levelname='ANSWER',
                    msg='Bootstrap successful',
+                    name=logger.name,
                ),
            )
-        except (
-            CalledProcessError,
-            ValueError,
-            OSError,
-        ) as error:
-            yield from log_error_records(error)

-        return
+            return

-    if 'generate' in arguments:
-        try:
+        if 'generate' in arguments:
            borgmatic.actions.config.generate.run_generate(
                arguments['generate'],
                arguments['global'],
@@ -829,30 +860,25 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
                    levelno=logging.ANSWER,
                    levelname='ANSWER',
                    msg='Generate successful',
-                ),
-            )
-        except (
-            CalledProcessError,
-            ValueError,
-            OSError,
-        ) as error:
-            yield from log_error_records(error)
-
-        return
-
-    if 'validate' in arguments:
-        if configuration_parse_errors:
-            yield logging.makeLogRecord(
-                dict(
-                    levelno=logging.CRITICAL,
-                    levelname='CRITICAL',
-                    msg='Configuration validation failed',
+                    name=logger.name,
                ),
            )

            return

-        try:
+        if 'validate' in arguments:
+            if configuration_parse_errors:
+                yield logging.makeLogRecord(
+                    dict(
+                        levelno=logging.CRITICAL,
+                        levelname='CRITICAL',
+                        msg='Configuration validation failed',
+                        name=logger.name,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                return
+
            borgmatic.actions.config.validate.run_validate(arguments['validate'], configs)

            yield logging.makeLogRecord(
@@ -860,16 +886,23 @@ def collect_highlander_action_summary_logs(configs, arguments, configuration_par
                    levelno=logging.ANSWER,
                    levelname='ANSWER',
                    msg='All configuration files are valid',
+                    name=logger.name,
                ),
            )
-        except (
-            CalledProcessError,
-            ValueError,
-            OSError,
-        ) as error:
-            yield from log_error_records(error)

-        return
+            return
+
+        if 'show' in arguments:
+            borgmatic.actions.config.show.run_show(arguments['show'], configs)
+
+            return
+
+    except (
+        CalledProcessError,
+        ValueError,
+        OSError,
+    ) as error:
+        yield from log_error_records(error)


 def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments, log_file_path):  # noqa: PLR0912
@@ -952,6 +985,7 @@ def collect_configuration_run_summary_logs(configs, config_paths, arguments, log
                        levelno=logging.INFO,
                        levelname='INFO',
                        msg=f'{config_filename}: Successfully ran configuration file',
+                        name=logger.name,
                    ),
                )
                if results:
@@ -1010,16 +1044,17 @@ def exit_with_help_link():  # pragma: no cover
    sys.exit(1)


-def check_and_show_help_on_no_args(configs):
+def check_and_show_help_on_no_args(configs, schema):
    '''
-    Given a dict of configuration filename to corresponding parsed configuration, check if the
-    borgmatic command is run without any arguments. If the configuration option "default_actions" is
-    set to False, show the help message. Otherwise, trigger the default backup behavior.
+    Given a dict of configuration filename to corresponding parsed configuration and the
+    configuration schema as a dict, check if the borgmatic command was run without any arguments. If
+    the configuration option "default_actions" is set to False, then show the help message an exit.
    '''
-    if len(sys.argv) == 1:  # No arguments provided
+    if len(sys.argv) == 1:  # No arguments provided.
        default_actions = any(config.get('default_actions', True) for config in configs.values())
-        if not default_actions:
-            parse_arguments('--help')
+
+        if configs and not default_actions:
+            parse_arguments(schema, '--help')
            sys.exit(0)


@@ -1051,6 +1086,23 @@ def get_singular_option_value(configs, option_name):
        return None


+def display_summary(summary_logs, log_json):  # pragma: no cover
+    summary_logs_max_level = max(log.levelno for log in summary_logs)
+
+    for message in ('summary:',) if log_json else ('', 'summary:'):
+        log_record(
+            levelno=summary_logs_max_level,
+            levelname=logging.getLevelName(summary_logs_max_level),
+            msg=message,
+        )
+
+    for log in summary_logs:
+        logger.handle(log)
+
+    if summary_logs_max_level >= logging.CRITICAL:
+        exit_with_help_link()
+
+
 def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
    configure_signals()
    configure_delayed_logging()
@@ -1071,7 +1123,7 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
        exit_with_help_link()
    except SystemExit as error:
        if error.code == 0:
-            raise error
+            raise

        configure_logging(logging.CRITICAL)
        logger.critical(f"Error parsing arguments: {' '.join(sys.argv)}")
@@ -1099,8 +1151,7 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
        resolve_env=global_arguments.resolve_env and not arguments.get('validate'),
    )

-    # Use the helper function to check and show help on no arguments, passing the preloaded configs
-    check_and_show_help_on_no_args(configs)
+    check_and_show_help_on_no_args(configs, schema)

    configuration_parse_errors = (
        (max(log.levelno for log in parse_logs) >= logging.CRITICAL) if parse_logs else False
@@ -1110,6 +1161,7 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
        getattr(sub_arguments, 'json', False) for sub_arguments in arguments.values()
    )
    log_file_path = get_singular_option_value(configs, 'log_file')
+    log_json = get_singular_option_value(configs, 'log_json')

    try:
        configure_logging(
@@ -1119,7 +1171,8 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
            verbosity_to_log_level(get_verbosity(configs, 'monitoring_verbosity')),
            log_file_path,
            get_singular_option_value(configs, 'log_file_format'),
-            color_enabled=should_do_markup(configs, any_json_flags),
+            log_json,
+            color_enabled=should_do_markup(configs, any_json_flags or log_json),
        )
    except (FileNotFoundError, PermissionError) as error:
        configure_logging(logging.CRITICAL)
@@ -1147,17 +1200,9 @@ def main(extra_summary_logs=()):  # pragma: no cover
            )
        )
    )
-    summary_logs_max_level = max(log.levelno for log in summary_logs)

-    for message in ('', 'summary:'):
-        log_record(
-            levelno=summary_logs_max_level,
-            levelname=logging.getLevelName(summary_logs_max_level),
-            msg=message,
-        )
+    display_summary(summary_logs, log_json)

-    for log in summary_logs:
-        logger.handle(log)

-    if summary_logs_max_level >= logging.CRITICAL:
-        exit_with_help_link()
+if __name__ == '__main__':  # pragma: no cover
+    main()
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ def bash_completion():
            'check_version() {',
            '    local this_script="$(cat "$BASH_SOURCE" 2> /dev/null)"',
            '    local installed_script="$(borgmatic --bash-completion 2> /dev/null)"',
-            '    if [ "$this_script" != "$installed_script" ] && [ "$installed_script" != "" ];'
+            '    if [ "$this_script" != "$installed_script" ] && [ "$installed_script" != "" ];',
            f'''        then cat << EOF\n{borgmatic.commands.completion.actions.upgrade_message(
                    'bash',
                    'sudo sh -c "borgmatic --bash-completion > $BASH_SOURCE"',
@@ -1,17 +1,14 @@
 import os


-def get_default_config_paths(expand_home=True):
+def get_default_config_paths():
    '''
-    Based on the value of the XDG_CONFIG_HOME and HOME environment variables, return a list of
-    default configuration paths. This includes both system-wide configuration and configuration in
-    the current user's home directory.
-
-    Don't expand the home directory ($HOME) if the expand home flag is False.
+    Return a list of default configuration paths. This includes both system-wide
+    configuration and configuration in the current user's home directory.
    '''
-    user_config_directory = os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME') or os.path.join('$HOME', '.config')
-    if expand_home:
-        user_config_directory = os.path.expandvars(user_config_directory)
+    user_config_directory = os.path.expandvars(
+        os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME') or os.path.join('$HOME', '.config')
+    )

    return [
        '/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml',
@@ -50,5 +47,6 @@ def collect_config_filenames(config_paths):
        for filename in sorted(os.listdir(path)):
            full_filename = os.path.join(path, filename)
            matching_filetype = full_filename.endswith(('.yaml', '.yml'))
+
            if matching_filetype and not os.path.isdir(full_filename):
                yield os.path.abspath(full_filename)
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import contextlib
+import functools
+import re
 import shlex


@@ -21,7 +23,44 @@ def coerce_scalar(value):
        return value


-def apply_constants(value, constants, shell_escape=False):
+CONSTANT_PATTERN = re.compile(r'(?P<left_escape>\\)?\{(?P<name>[\w]+)(?P<right_escape>\\)?\}')
+
+
+def resolve_constant(match, constants, command_hook):
+    '''
+    Given a re.Match instance of CONSTANT_PATTERN representing a matched constant name to be
+    interpolated, a constants dict, and whether this is for a command hook, lookup the matched
+    constant name within the given constants and return its value.
+
+    If the match is escaped with backslashes, then instead of resolving the variable's value, strip
+    off the backslashing and return the literal value.
+
+    If the variable name isn't found in the given constants, then return the literal value.
+    '''
+    name = match.group('name')
+
+    # The would-be variable is escaped, so strip off the escaping and return the result without
+    # resolving the name—unless this is for a command hook, in which case just return the literal
+    # string. That way, subsequent variable interpolation will still see the string as escaped
+    # instead of trying to interpolate it.
+    if match.group('left_escape') and match.group('right_escape'):
+        if command_hook:
+            return match.group(0)
+
+        return '{' + name + '}'
+
+    value = constants.get(name)
+
+    # The matched variable is in the constants, so return its value. And if this is for a command
+    # hook, then shell escape the value so as to prevent shell injection attacks.
+    if value is not None:
+        return shlex.quote(str(value)) if command_hook else str(value)
+
+    # The matched variable name isn't in the constants. Return the whole string unaltered.
+    return match.group(0)
+
+
+def apply_constants(value, constants, command_hook=False):
    '''
    Given a configuration value (bool, dict, int, list, or string) and a dict of named constants,
    replace any configuration string values of the form "{constant}" (or containing it) with the
@@ -39,26 +78,25 @@ def apply_constants(value, constants, shell_escape=False):
        return value

    if isinstance(value, str):
-        for constant_name, constant_value in constants.items():
-            value = value.replace(
-                '{' + constant_name + '}',
-                shlex.quote(str(constant_value)) if shell_escape else str(constant_value),
-            )
-
        # Support constants within non-string scalars by coercing the value to its appropriate type.
-        value = coerce_scalar(value)
+        value = coerce_scalar(
+            CONSTANT_PATTERN.sub(
+                functools.partial(resolve_constant, constants=constants, command_hook=command_hook),
+                value,
+            )
+        )
    elif isinstance(value, list):
        for index, list_value in enumerate(value):
-            value[index] = apply_constants(list_value, constants, shell_escape)
+            value[index] = apply_constants(list_value, constants, command_hook)
    elif isinstance(value, dict):
        for option_name, option_value in value.items():
            value[option_name] = apply_constants(
                option_value,
                constants,
-                shell_escape=(
-                    shell_escape
+                command_hook=(
+                    command_hook
                    or option_name.startswith(('before_', 'after_'))
-                    or option_name == 'on_error'
+                    or option_name in {'on_error', 'run'}
                ),
            )

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import collections
 import contextlib
 import io
+import json
 import os
 import re

@@ -152,6 +153,9 @@ def transform_optional_configuration(rendered_config, comment_out=True):
    return '\n'.join(lines)


+RUAMEL_YAML_END_OF_DOCUMENT_MARKER = '...\n'
+
+
 def render_configuration(config):
    '''
    Given a config data structure of nested OrderedDicts, render the config as YAML and return it.
@@ -159,7 +163,13 @@ def render_configuration(config):
    dumper = ruamel.yaml.YAML(typ='rt')
    dumper.indent(mapping=INDENT, sequence=INDENT + SEQUENCE_INDENT, offset=INDENT)
    rendered = io.StringIO()
-    dumper.dump(config, rendered)
+    dumper.dump(
+        config,
+        rendered,
+        # Dumping certain values (integers, for instance) causes ruamel.yaml to append an
+        # end-of-document "..." marker. Strip it.
+        transform=lambda dumped: dumped.removesuffix(RUAMEL_YAML_END_OF_DOCUMENT_MARKER),
+    )

    return rendered.getvalue()

@@ -316,6 +326,24 @@ def merge_source_configuration_into_destination(destination_config, source_confi
    return destination_config


+def get_configuration_subset(config, option_name):  # pragma: no cover
+    '''
+    Given configuration as a ruamel.yaml.CommentedMap and an option name found within it at the top
+    level, return a new CommentedMap containing a subset of the configuration with only the given
+    option and no other top-level options.
+
+    This is useful when generating the sample configuration for a single option instead of a whole
+    configuration file.
+    '''
+    option_config = ruamel.yaml.CommentedMap({option_name: config[option_name]})
+
+    # Due to a quirk of ruamel.yaml, the comment right before a top-level key is not on that key and
+    # needs to get copied separately.
+    option_config.ca.items[option_name] = config.ca.items[option_name]
+
+    return option_config
+
+
 def generate_sample_configuration(
    dry_run,
    source_filename,
@@ -359,16 +387,22 @@ def generate_sample_configuration(

        os.makedirs(destination_path, exist_ok=True)

-        for option_name, option_config in destination_config.items():
+        for option_name in destination_config:
            write_configuration(
                os.path.join(destination_path, f'{option_name}.yaml'),
                transform_optional_configuration(
-                    render_configuration({option_name: option_config}),
+                    render_configuration(get_configuration_subset(destination_config, option_name)),
                    comment_out=False,
-                ),
+                ).strip(),
                overwrite=overwrite,
            )

+        # Also dump a manifest listing all the options we've written.
+        json.dump(
+            {'option_names': list(destination_config.keys())},
+            open(os.path.join(destination_path, 'options.json'), 'w', encoding='utf-8'),
+        )
+
        return

    if os.path.exists(destination_path) and not os.path.isfile(destination_path):
@@ -2,10 +2,19 @@ import contextlib
 import logging
 import os
 import tempfile
+from enum import Enum

 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


+class Systemd_directories(Enum):
+    RUNTIME_DIRECTORY = 0
+    STATE_DIRECTORY = 1
+    CACHE_DIRECTORY = 2
+    LOGS_DIRECTORY = 3
+    CONFIGURATION_DIRECTORY = 4
+
+
 def expand_user_in_path(path):
    '''
    Given a directory path, expand any tildes in it.
@@ -16,6 +25,17 @@ def expand_user_in_path(path):
        return None


+def resolve_systemd_directory(directory):
+    '''
+    Given a systemd directory environment variable enum, read the value if set and return the first
+    configured directory.
+    '''
+    separator = ':'
+
+    paths = os.environ.get(directory.name)
+    return paths.split(separator)[0] if paths else None
+
+
 def get_working_directory(config):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a configuration dict, get the working directory from it, expanding any tildes.
@@ -96,7 +116,9 @@ class Runtime_directory:
        runtime_directory = (
            config.get('user_runtime_directory')
            or os.environ.get('XDG_RUNTIME_DIR')  # Set by PAM on Linux.
-            or os.environ.get('RUNTIME_DIRECTORY')  # Set by systemd if configured.
+            or resolve_systemd_directory(
+                Systemd_directories.RUNTIME_DIRECTORY
+            )  # Set by systemd if configured.
        )

        if runtime_directory:
@@ -174,7 +196,9 @@ def get_borgmatic_state_directory(config):
        os.path.join(
            config.get('user_state_directory')
            or os.environ.get('XDG_STATE_HOME')
-            or os.environ.get('STATE_DIRECTORY')  # Set by systemd if configured.
+            or resolve_systemd_directory(
+                Systemd_directories.STATE_DIRECTORY
+            )  # Set by systemd if configured.
            or '~/.local/state',
            'borgmatic',
        ),
@@ -21,11 +21,7 @@ properties:
            type: string
        description: |
            List of source directories and files to back up. Globs and tildes
-            are expanded. Do not backslash spaces in path names. Be aware that
-            by default, Borg treats missing source directories as warnings
-            rather than errors. If you'd like to change that behavior, see
-            https://torsion.org/borgmatic/how-to/customize-warnings-and-errors/
-            or the "source_directories_must_exist" option.
+            are expanded. Do not backslash spaces in path names.
        example:
            - /home
            - /etc
@@ -34,9 +30,10 @@ properties:
    source_directories_must_exist:
        type: boolean
        description: |
-            If true, then source directories (and root pattern paths) must
-            exist. If they don't, an error is raised. Defaults to false.
-        example: true
+            When true, source directories (and root pattern paths) must exist
+            before a backup begins. If they don't, borgmatic errors. Defaults to
+            true.
+        example: false
    repositories:
        type: array
        items:
@@ -144,12 +141,39 @@ properties:
            false. But when a database hook is used, the setting here is ignored
            and read_special is considered true.
        example: true
+    unsafe_skip_path_validation_before_create:
+        type: boolean
+        description: |
+            Skip pre-backup safety validation: (1) runtime directory exclusion
+            detection, and (2) special file exclusion for database streaming.
+            Can significantly improve performance for large filesystems.
+
+            UNSAFE because, when this option is enabled, Borg may hang on
+            special files (named pipes, devices) and data from borgmatic data
+            source hooks may be silently excluded if your excluded patterns
+            match the runtime directory (see the "user_runtime_directory"
+            option).
+
+            Only enable if not using data source hooks and you manually verify
+            that your excludes don't affect the runtime directory. Defaults
+            to false.
+        example: true
    flags:
        type: boolean
        description: |
            Record filesystem flags (e.g. NODUMP, IMMUTABLE) in archive.
            Defaults to true.
        example: false
+    files_changed:
+        type: string
+        enum: ['ctime', 'mtime', 'disabled']
+        description: |
+            Threshold for considering a file as changed. See
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/create.html for
+            details. Defaults to "ctime". E.g., a file is considered changed if
+            its ctime has changed since the last backup. (This option is
+            supported for Borg 1.4.2+ only.)
+        example: ctime
    files_cache:
        type: string
        description: |
@@ -173,9 +197,13 @@ properties:
            type: string
        description: |
            Any paths matching these patterns are included/excluded from
-            backups. Globs are expanded. (Tildes are not.) See the output of
-            "borg help patterns" for more details. Quote any value if it
-            contains leading punctuation, so it parses correctly.
+            backups. Recursion root patterns ("R ...") are effectively the same
+            as "source_directories"; they tell Borg which paths to backup
+            (modulo any excludes). Globs are expanded. (Tildes are not.) See
+            the output of "borg help patterns" for more details. Quote any value
+            if it contains leading punctuation, so it parses correctly. Also use
+            leading slashes in absolute paths, or data source hooks may be
+            unable to rewrite patterns as needed.
        example:
            - 'R /'
            - '- /home/*/.cache'
@@ -259,7 +287,7 @@ properties:
            Path for storing temporary runtime data like streaming database
            dumps and bootstrap metadata. borgmatic automatically creates and
            uses a "borgmatic" subdirectory here. Defaults to $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
-            or or $TMPDIR or $TEMP or /run/user/$UID.
+            or $TMPDIR or $TEMP or /run/user/$UID.
        example: /run/user/1001
    user_state_directory:
        type: string
@@ -448,9 +476,9 @@ properties:
        description: |
            A list of Borg exit codes that should be elevated to errors or
            squashed to warnings as indicated. By default, Borg error exit codes
-            (2 to 99) are treated as errors while warning exit codes (1 and
-            100+) are treated as warnings. Exit codes other than 1 and 2 are
-            only present in Borg 1.4.0+.
+            (2 to 99) are treated as errors and most warning exit codes (1 and
+            100+) are treated as errors as well. Exit codes other than 1 and 2
+            are only present in Borg 1.4.0+.
        example:
            - code: 13
              treat_as: warning
@@ -490,6 +518,27 @@ properties:
            If match_archives is not specified, borgmatic defaults to deriving
            the match_archives value from archive_name_format.
        example: "sh:{hostname}-*"
+    file_list_format:
+        type: string
+        description: |
+            Borg format for the files listing of the "list" action. Corresponds
+            to the "--format" flag. Defaults to "{mode} {user:6} {group:6}
+            {size:8} {mtime} {path}{extra}{NL}". With "--json", the form of the
+            format is ignored, but the keys used in it are added to the JSON
+            output. See
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/list.html for
+            details.
+        example: "{path}{extra}{NL}"
+    archive_list_format:
+        type: string
+        description: |
+            Borg format for the archives listing of the "repo-list" action.
+            Corresponds to the "--format" flag. Defaults to "{archive:<36}
+            {time} [{id}]{NL}". With "--json", the form of the format is
+            ignored, but the keys used in it are added to the JSON output. See
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/list.html for
+            details.
+        example: "{archive}{NL}"
    relocated_repo_access_is_ok:
        type: boolean
        description: |
@@ -521,6 +570,12 @@ properties:
            Bypass Borg confirmation about check with repair option. Defaults to
            false and an interactive prompt from Borg.
        example: true
+    msgpack_version_check:
+        type: boolean
+        description: |
+            Optionally disable the msgpack version check. Default is true; use
+            at your own risk. (This option is supported for Borg 1.4.2+ only.)
+        example: false
    extra_borg_options:
        type: object
        additionalProperties: false
@@ -607,6 +662,11 @@ properties:
                description: |
                  Extra command-line options to pass to "borg recreate".
                example: "--extra-option"
+            rename:
+                type: string
+                description: |
+                  Extra command-line options to pass to "borg rename".
+                example: "--extra-option"
            repo_create:
                type: string
                description: |
@@ -991,6 +1051,8 @@ properties:
        type: string
        description: |
            Python format string used for log messages written to the log file.
+            See https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html (and specifically
+            the LogRecord attributes with "{}-formatting") for details.
        example: "[{asctime}] {levelname}: {prefix}{message}"
    monitoring_verbosity:
        type: integer
@@ -1036,9 +1098,9 @@ properties:
    default_actions:
        type: boolean
        description: |
-            Whether to apply default actions (create, prune, compact and check)
-            when no arguments are supplied to the borgmatic command. If set to
-            false, borgmatic displays the help message instead.
+            Whether to run default actions (create, prune, compact, and check)
+            when no arguments are given on the command line. If set to false,
+            borgmatic displays the help message instead.
        example: true
    skip_actions:
        type: array
@@ -1067,6 +1129,7 @@ properties:
                - break-lock
                - key
                - borg
+                - diff
        description: |
            List of one or more actions to skip running for this configuration
            file, even if specified on the command-line (explicitly or
@@ -1283,6 +1346,7 @@ properties:
                                  - break-lock
                                  - key
                                  - borg
+                                  - diff
                          description: |
                              List of actions for which the commands will be
                              run. Defaults to running for all actions.
@@ -1348,6 +1412,7 @@ properties:
                                  - break-lock
                                  - key
                                  - borg
+                                  - diff
                          description: |
                              Only trigger the hook when borgmatic is run with
                              particular actions listed here. Defaults to
@@ -1687,6 +1752,20 @@ properties:
                    description: |
                        Port to restore to. Defaults to the "port" option.
                    example: 5433
+                socket_path:
+                    type: string
+                    description: |
+                        Path of a Unix socket to connect to instead of a remote
+                        hostname. Ignored when "hostname" is set and not
+                        "localhost". Defaults to "/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock".
+                    example: database.example.org
+                restore_socket_path:
+                    type: string
+                    description: |
+                        Path of a Unix socket to connect to instead of a remote
+                        hostname. Ignored when "hostname" is set and not
+                        "localhost". Defaults to the "socket_path" option.
+                    example: database.example.org
                username:
                    type: string
                    description: |
@@ -1750,18 +1829,21 @@ properties:
                mariadb_dump_command:
                    type: string
                    description: |
-                        Command to use instead of "mariadb-dump". This can be
-                        used to run a specific mariadb_dump version (e.g., one
-                        inside a running container). If you run it from within a
-                        container, make sure to mount the path in the
-                        "user_runtime_directory" option from the host into the
-                        container at the same location. Defaults to
-                        "mariadb-dump".
+                        Command to use instead of "mariadb-dump". But set any
+                        additional command-line flags in "options", not here.
+                        This command can be used to run a specific mariadb_dump
+                        version (e.g., one inside a running container). If you
+                        run it from within a container, make sure to mount the
+                        path in the "user_runtime_directory" option from the
+                        host into the container at the same location. Defaults
+                        to "mariadb-dump".
                    example: docker exec mariadb_container mariadb-dump
                mariadb_command:
                    type: string
                    description: |
-                        Command to run instead of "mariadb". This can be used to
+                        Command to run instead of "mariadb". But set any
+                        additional command-line flags in "list_options" or
+                        "restore_options", not here. This command can be used to
                        run a specific mariadb version (e.g., one inside a
                        running container). Defaults to "mariadb".
                    example: docker exec mariadb_container mariadb           
@@ -1878,6 +1960,20 @@ properties:
                    description: |
                        Port to restore to. Defaults to the "port" option.
                    example: 5433
+                socket_path:
+                    type: string
+                    description: |
+                        Path of a Unix socket to connect to instead of a remote
+                        hostname. Ignored when "hostname" is set and not
+                        "localhost". Defaults to "/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock".
+                    example: database.example.org
+                restore_socket_path:
+                    type: string
+                    description: |
+                        Path of a Unix socket to connect to instead of a remote
+                        hostname. Ignored when "hostname" is set and not
+                        "localhost". Defaults to the "socket_path" option.
+                    example: database.example.org
                username:
                    type: string
                    description: |
@@ -1941,17 +2037,21 @@ properties:
                mysql_dump_command:
                    type: string
                    description: |
-                        Command to use instead of "mysqldump". This can be used
-                        to run a specific mysql_dump version (e.g., one inside a
-                        running container). If you run it from within a
-                        container, make sure to mount the path in the
-                        "user_runtime_directory" option from the host into the
-                        container at the same location. Defaults to "mysqldump".
+                        Command to use instead of "mysqldump". But set any
+                        additional command-line flags in "options", not here.
+                        This command can be used to run a specific mysql_dump
+                        version (e.g., one inside a running container). If you
+                        run it from within a container, make sure to mount the
+                        path in the "user_runtime_directory" option from the
+                        host into the container at the same location. Defaults
+                        to "mysqldump".
                    example: docker exec mysql_container mysqldump
                mysql_command:
                    type: string
                    description: |
-                        Command to run instead of "mysql". This can be used to
+                        Command to run instead of "mysql". But set any
+                        additional command-line flags in "list_options" or
+                        "restore_options", not here. This command can be used to
                        run a specific mysql version (e.g., one inside a running
                        container). Defaults to "mysql".
                    example: docker exec mysql_container mysql
@@ -2259,6 +2359,13 @@ properties:
                        example: Your backups have started.
                    priority:
                        type: string
+                        enum:
+                            - max
+                            - urgent
+                            - high
+                            - default
+                            - low
+                            - min
                        description: |
                            The priority to set.
                        example: min
@@ -2283,6 +2390,13 @@ properties:
                        example: Your backups have finished.
                    priority:
                        type: string
+                        enum:
+                            - max
+                            - urgent
+                            - high
+                            - default
+                            - low
+                            - min
                        description: |
                            The priority to set.
                        example: min
@@ -2307,6 +2421,13 @@ properties:
                        example: Your backups have failed.
                    priority:
                        type: string
+                        enum:
+                            - max
+                            - urgent
+                            - high
+                            - default
+                            - low
+                            - min
                        description: |
                            The priority to set.
                        example: max
@@ -2723,8 +2844,8 @@ properties:
                type: boolean
                description: |
                    Send borgmatic logs to Apprise services as part of the
-                    "finish", "fail", and "log" states. Defaults to true.
-                example: false
+                    "finish", "fail", and "log" states. Defaults to false.
+                example: true
            logs_size_limit:
                type: integer
                description: |
@@ -2838,8 +2959,8 @@ properties:
                type: boolean
                description: |
                    Send borgmatic logs to Healthchecks as part of the "finish",
-                    "fail", and "log" states. Defaults to true.
-                example: false
+                    "fail", and "log" states. Defaults to false.
+                example: true
            ping_body_limit:
                type: integer
                description: |
@@ -2945,8 +3066,8 @@ properties:
                type: boolean
                description: |
                    Send borgmatic logs to PagerDuty when a backup errors.
-                    Defaults to true.
-                example: false
+                    Defaults to false.
+                example: true
        description: |
            Configuration for a monitoring integration with PagerDuty. Create an
            account at https://www.pagerduty.com if you'd like to use this
@@ -2974,7 +3095,7 @@ properties:
            url:
                type: string
                description: |
-                    Grafana loki log URL to notify when a backup begins,
+                    Grafana Loki log URL to notify when a backup begins,
                    ends, or fails.
                example: "http://localhost:3100/loki/api/v1/push"
            labels:
@@ -2991,6 +3112,11 @@ properties:
                    app: "borgmatic"
                    config: "__config"
                    hostname: "__hostname"
+            send_logs:
+                type: boolean
+                description: |
+                    Send borgmatic logs to Loki. Defaults to false.
+                example: true
        description: |
            Configuration for a monitoring integration with Grafana Loki. You
            can send the logs to a self-hosted instance or create an account at
@@ -3015,6 +3141,12 @@ properties:
                    project monitor. Used along with the data source name URL to
                    construct a cron URL.
                example: mymonitor
+            environment:
+                type: string
+                description: |
+                    Sentry monitor environment used in the call to Sentry. If
+                    not set, the Sentry default is used.
+                example: production
            states:
                type: array
                items:
@@ -3159,6 +3291,14 @@ properties:
                description: |
                    Command to use instead of "keepassxc-cli".
                example: /usr/local/bin/keepassxc-cli
+            ask_for_password:
+                type: boolean
+                description: |
+                    Whether keepassxc-cli should prompt the user for a password.
+                    Disabling this is only really useful if you're unlocking
+                    your KeePassXC database with a key file instead of a
+                    password. Defaults to true.
+                example: false
            key_file:
                type: string
                description: |
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
 import collections
+import contextlib
 import enum
+import json
+import locale
 import logging
+import os
 import select
 import subprocess
 import textwrap
+import time

 import borgmatic.logger

@@ -14,6 +19,9 @@ ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT = 25
 BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_START = 2
 BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_END = 99

+# See https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/internals/frontends.html#message-ids
+BORG_WARNING_EXIT_CODES_TREATED_AS_ERRORS = {101, 102, 104, 105, 106}
+

 class Exit_status(enum.Enum):
    STILL_RUNNING = 1
@@ -22,7 +30,32 @@ class Exit_status(enum.Enum):
    ERROR = 4


-def interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path=None, borg_exit_codes=None):
+def command_is_borg(command, borg_local_path):
+    '''
+    Given a command as a sequence and the Borg local path, return whether that command is a call to
+    Borg.
+    '''
+    parsed_command = command.split(' ', 1) if isinstance(command, str) else command
+
+    if not parsed_command:
+        return False
+
+    return bool(borg_local_path and parsed_command[0] == borg_local_path)
+
+
+BORG_EXIT_CODE_TO_DESCRIPTION = {
+    100: 'File changed while we backed it up',
+    101: 'Include pattern never matched',
+    102: 'General backup issue',
+    103: 'File type or inode changed while we backed it up',
+    104: 'Backup OS issue',
+    105: 'Backup permission issue',
+    106: 'Backup IO issue',
+    107: 'Backup file not found',
+}
+
+
+def interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path=None, borg_exit_codes=None):  # noqa: PLR0911
    '''
    Return an Exit_status value (e.g. SUCCESS, ERROR, or WARNING) based on interpreting the given
    exit code. If a Borg local path is given and matches the process' command, then interpret the
@@ -35,39 +68,47 @@ def interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path=None, borg_exit_code
    if exit_code == 0:
        return Exit_status.SUCCESS

-    if borg_local_path and command[0] == borg_local_path:
-        # First try looking for the exit code in the borg_exit_codes configuration.
-        for entry in borg_exit_codes or ():
-            if entry.get('code') == exit_code:
-                treat_as = entry.get('treat_as')
+    if not command_is_borg(command, borg_local_path):
+        return Exit_status.ERROR

-                if treat_as == 'error':
-                    logger.error(
-                        f'Treating exit code {exit_code} as an error, as per configuration',
-                    )
-                    return Exit_status.ERROR
+    description = BORG_EXIT_CODE_TO_DESCRIPTION.get(exit_code)
+    description_parenthetical = f' ({description})' if description else ''

-                if treat_as == 'warning':
-                    logger.warning(
-                        f'Treating exit code {exit_code} as a warning, as per configuration',
-                    )
-                    return Exit_status.WARNING
+    # First try looking for the exit code in the borg_exit_codes configuration.
+    for entry in borg_exit_codes or ():
+        if entry.get('code') == exit_code:
+            treat_as = entry.get('treat_as')

-        # If the exit code doesn't have explicit configuration, then fall back to the default Borg
-        # behavior.
-        return (
-            Exit_status.ERROR
-            if (
-                exit_code < 0
-                or (
-                    exit_code >= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_START
-                    and exit_code <= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_END
+            if treat_as == 'error':
+                logger.error(
+                    f'Treating exit code {exit_code}{description_parenthetical} as an error, as per configuration',
                )
-            )
-            else Exit_status.WARNING
+                return Exit_status.ERROR
+
+            if treat_as == 'warning':
+                logger.warning(
+                    f'Treating exit code {exit_code}{description_parenthetical} as a warning, as per configuration',
+                )
+                return Exit_status.WARNING
+
+    # If the exit code doesn't have explicit configuration, then fall back to the default
+    # behavior of treating Borg errors as errors and some Borg warnings as errors.
+    if exit_code in BORG_WARNING_EXIT_CODES_TREATED_AS_ERRORS:
+        logger.error(
+            f'Treating exit code {exit_code}{description_parenthetical} as an error, as per borgmatic defaults',
        )

-    return Exit_status.ERROR
+        return Exit_status.ERROR
+
+    if exit_code < 0 or (
+        exit_code >= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_START and exit_code <= BORG_ERROR_EXIT_CODE_END
+    ):
+        return Exit_status.ERROR
+
+    logger.warning(
+        f'Treating exit code {exit_code}{description_parenthetical} as a warning, as per borgmatic defaults',
+    )
+    return Exit_status.WARNING


 def command_for_process(process):
@@ -78,158 +119,408 @@ def command_for_process(process):
    return process.args if isinstance(process.args, str) else ' '.join(process.args)


-def output_buffer_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts):
+def output_buffers_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts):
    '''
    Given a process as an instance of subprocess.Popen and a sequence of stdouts to exclude, return
-    either the process's stdout or stderr. The idea is that if stdout is excluded for a process, we
-    still have stderr to log.
+    the process stdout and stderr as a tuple—but exclude the stdout if it's in the given stdouts to
+    exclude.
    '''
-    return process.stderr if process.stdout in exclude_stdouts else process.stdout
+    return tuple(
+        buffer for buffer in (process.stdout, process.stderr) if buffer not in exclude_stdouts
+    )


-def append_last_lines(last_lines, captured_output, line, output_log_level):
+BORG_LOG_LEVEL_ELEVATION_THRESHOLD = 10
+
+
+def borg_json_log_line_to_record(line, log_level):
    '''
-    Given a rolling list of last lines, a list of captured output, a line to append, and an output
-    log level, append the line to the last lines and (if necessary) the captured output. Then log
-    the line at the requested output log level.
+    Given a single Borg "--log-json"-style log line and a log level, return the line converted to a
+    logging.LogRecord instance. Return None if the line can't be parsed as JSON.
+
+    If Borg provides a log level in its JSON, prefer logging at that level. But if Borg doesn't
+    provide a log level—or the log level given to this function is just a little bit higher than
+    Borg's—elevate to that level. This supports use cases like elevating Borg's INFO level logs to
+    borgmatic's custom ANSWER level so that requested data shows up even at the default verbosity.
    '''
-    last_lines.append(line)
+    with contextlib.suppress(json.JSONDecodeError, TypeError, KeyError, AttributeError):
+        log_data = json.loads(line)
+        log_type = log_data.get('type')

-    if len(last_lines) > ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT:
-        last_lines.pop(0)
+        if log_type == 'log_message':
+            borg_log_level = logging._nameToLevel.get(log_data.get('levelname'))
+            log_level_delta = 0 if log_level is None else log_level - borg_log_level

-    if output_log_level is None:
-        captured_output.append(line)
-    else:
-        logger.log(output_log_level, line)
-
-
-def log_outputs(processes, exclude_stdouts, output_log_level, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes):  # noqa: PLR0912
-    '''
-    Given a sequence of subprocess.Popen() instances for multiple processes, log the output for each
-    process with the requested log level. Additionally, raise a CalledProcessError if a process
-    exits with an error (or a warning for exit code 1, if that process does not match the Borg local
-    path).
-
-    If output log level is None, then instead of logging, capture output for each process and return
-    it as a dict from the process to its output. Use the given Borg local path and exit code
-    configuration to decide what's an error and what's a warning.
-
-    For simplicity, it's assumed that the output buffer for each process is its stdout. But if any
-    stdouts are given to exclude, then for any matching processes, log from their stderr instead.
-
-    Note that stdout for a process can be None if output is intentionally not captured. In which
-    case it won't be logged.
-    '''
-    # Map from output buffer to sequence of last lines.
-    buffer_last_lines = collections.defaultdict(list)
-    process_for_output_buffer = {
-        output_buffer_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts): process
-        for process in processes
-        if process.stdout or process.stderr
-    }
-    output_buffers = list(process_for_output_buffer.keys())
-    captured_outputs = collections.defaultdict(list)
-    still_running = True
-
-    # Log output for each process until they all exit.
-    while True:  # noqa: PLR1702
-        if output_buffers:
-            (ready_buffers, _, _) = select.select(output_buffers, [], [])
-
-            for ready_buffer in ready_buffers:
-                ready_process = process_for_output_buffer.get(ready_buffer)
-
-                # The "ready" process has exited, but it might be a pipe destination with other
-                # processes (pipe sources) waiting to be read from. So as a measure to prevent
-                # hangs, vent all processes when one exits.
-                if ready_process and ready_process.poll() is not None:
-                    for other_process in processes:
-                        if (
-                            other_process.poll() is None
-                            and other_process.stdout
-                            and other_process.stdout not in output_buffers
-                        ):
-                            # Add the process's output to output_buffers to ensure it'll get read.
-                            output_buffers.append(other_process.stdout)
-
-                while True:
-                    line = ready_buffer.readline().rstrip().decode()
-                    if not line or not ready_process:
-                        break
-
-                    # Keep the last few lines of output in case the process errors, and we need the output for
-                    # the exception below.
-                    append_last_lines(
-                        buffer_last_lines[ready_buffer],
-                        captured_outputs[ready_process],
-                        line,
-                        output_log_level,
+            if log_level_delta > 0 and log_level_delta < BORG_LOG_LEVEL_ELEVATION_THRESHOLD:
+                return logging.makeLogRecord(
+                    dict(
+                        levelno=log_level,
+                        created=log_data.get('time'),
+                        msg=log_data.get('message'),
+                        levelname=logging.getLevelName(log_level),
+                        name=log_data.get('name'),
                    )
+                )

-        if not still_running:
-            break
+            return logging.makeLogRecord(
+                dict(
+                    levelno=borg_log_level,
+                    created=log_data.get('time'),
+                    msg=log_data.get('message'),
+                    levelname=log_data.get('levelname'),
+                    name=log_data.get('name'),
+                )
+            )

-        still_running = False
-
-        for process in processes:
-            exit_code = process.poll() if output_buffers else process.wait()
-
-            if exit_code is None:
-                still_running = True
-                command = process.args.split(' ') if isinstance(process.args, str) else process.args
-                continue
-
-            command = process.args.split(' ') if isinstance(process.args, str) else process.args
-            exit_status = interpret_exit_code(command, exit_code, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes)
-
-            if exit_status in {Exit_status.ERROR, Exit_status.WARNING}:
-                # If an error occurs, include its output in the raised exception so that we don't
-                # inadvertently hide error output.
-                output_buffer = output_buffer_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts)
-                last_lines = buffer_last_lines[output_buffer] if output_buffer else []
-
-                # Collect any straggling output lines that came in since we last gathered output.
-                while output_buffer:  # pragma: no cover
-                    line = output_buffer.readline().rstrip().decode()
-                    if not line:
-                        break
-
-                    append_last_lines(
-                        last_lines,
-                        captured_outputs[process],
-                        line,
-                        output_log_level=logging.ERROR,
-                    )
-
-                if len(last_lines) == ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT:
-                    last_lines.insert(0, '...')
-
-                # Something has gone wrong. So vent each process' output buffer to prevent it from
-                # hanging. And then kill the process.
-                for other_process in processes:
-                    if other_process.poll() is None:
-                        other_process.stdout.read(0)
-                        other_process.kill()
-
-                if exit_status == Exit_status.ERROR:
-                    raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
-                        exit_code,
-                        command_for_process(process),
-                        '\n'.join(last_lines),
-                    )
-
-                still_running = False
-                break
-
-    if captured_outputs:
-        return {
-            process: '\n'.join(output_lines) for process, output_lines in captured_outputs.items()
-        }
+        if log_type == 'file_status':
+            return logging.makeLogRecord(
+                dict(
+                    levelno=log_level,
+                    created=time.time(),
+                    msg=f'{log_data.get("status")} {log_data.get("path")}',
+                    levelname=logging.getLevelName(log_level),
+                    name='borg.file_status',
+                )
+            )

    return None


+def log_line_to_record(line, log_level):
+    '''
+    Given a log data dict for a single Borg log entry and a log level, return it converted to a
+    logging.LogRecord instance.
+    '''
+    return logging.makeLogRecord(
+        dict(
+            msg=line,
+            levelno=log_level,
+            levelname=logging.getLevelName(log_level),
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def parse_log_line(line, log_level, elevate_stderr, borg_local_path, command):
+    '''
+    Given a raw output line from an external program, whether this line came from stderr and should
+    be elevated to error/warning, the Borg local path, and the command as a sequence, return a
+    logging.LogRecord instance containing its parsed data.
+
+    If the command being run is Borg, and the log line is JSON-formatted log data, then grab the log
+    level from it and log the parsed JSON to be consumed later by a Python logging.Formatter.
+
+    But for non-Borg commands, elevate stderr-sourced logs to ERROR. The one exception is if the log
+    came from stderr and the string "warning:" appears at the start of the log line. In that case,
+    just elevate the log level to a WARN.
+    '''
+    if command_is_borg(command, borg_local_path):
+        log_record = borg_json_log_line_to_record(line, log_level)
+
+        if log_record:
+            return log_record
+
+    if elevate_stderr:
+        return log_line_to_record(
+            line, logging.WARNING if line.lower().startswith('warning:') else logging.ERROR
+        )
+
+    return log_line_to_record(line, log_level)
+
+
+def handle_log_record(log_record, last_lines=None):
+    '''
+    Given a log record to be logged and a rolling list of last lines, append the record's message to
+    the last lines (if given). Then (if the log level is not None), log the record.
+
+    Return the log record.
+    '''
+    log_message = log_record.getMessage()
+
+    if last_lines is not None:
+        last_lines.append(log_message)
+
+        if len(last_lines) > ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT:
+            last_lines.pop(0)
+
+    if log_record.levelno is not None:
+        logger.handle(log_record)
+
+    return log_record
+
+
+READ_CHUNK_SIZE = 4096
+
+
+def read_lines(buffer, process, line_separator='\n'):
+    '''
+    Given a Python buffer (like stdout) ready for reading, its process, and a line separator,
+    repeatedly yield a tuple of (decoded) lines from the buffer until the process has exited.
+
+    It is assumed that this function's generator is used in conjunction with an external select()
+    call to know when to read more lines. Otherwise, the generator will busywait if it's called in a
+    tight loop.
+    '''
+    data = b''
+    encoded_separator = line_separator.encode()
+    separator_size = len(encoded_separator)
+    encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding()
+
+    while True:
+        chunk = os.read(buffer.fileno(), READ_CHUNK_SIZE)
+
+        if not chunk:  # EOF
+            # The process is still running, so we keep running too.
+            if process.poll() is None:  # pragma: no cover
+                continue
+
+            break
+
+        data += chunk
+        lines = []
+
+        # Split the data into lines, holding back anything leftover that might
+        # be a partial line.
+        while True:
+            separator_position = data.find(encoded_separator)
+
+            if separator_position == -1:
+                break
+
+            lines.append(data[:separator_position].decode(encoding))
+            data = data[separator_position + separator_size :]
+
+        yield tuple(lines)
+
+    # Yield any leftover data from the end of the buffer.
+    if data:
+        yield (data.decode(encoding).rstrip(),)
+
+
+Buffer_reader = collections.namedtuple(
+    'Buffer_reader',
+    ('lines', 'process'),
+)
+
+
+Process_metadata = collections.namedtuple(
+    'Process_metadata',
+    ('last_lines', 'capture'),
+)
+
+
+def log_buffer_lines(
+    buffer_readers, process_metadatas, output_log_level, borg_local_path, capture_stderr=False
+):
+    '''
+    Given a dict from buffer object to Buffer_reader, a dict from subprocess.Popen() instance to
+    Process_metadata instance, a requested output log level for stdout, Borg's local path, and
+    whether to capture stderr, read and log any ready output lines from the buffers. Additionally,
+    for any log records with a log level that meets or exceeds the output log level, yield those log
+    messages for capture.
+
+    This function just does one "turn of the crank" of logging buffer output. It is intended to be
+    called repeatedly to continue to process buffers.
+    '''
+    if not buffer_readers:
+        return
+
+    (ready_buffers, _, _) = select.select(buffer_readers.keys(), [], [])
+
+    for ready_buffer in ready_buffers:
+        reader = buffer_readers[ready_buffer]
+
+        # The "ready" process has exited, but it might be a pipe destination with other
+        # processes (pipe sources) waiting to be read from. So as a measure to prevent
+        # hangs, vent all processes when one exits.
+        if reader.process and reader.process.poll() is not None:
+            for other_process in process_metadatas:
+                if (
+                    other_process.poll() is None
+                    and other_process.stdout
+                    and other_process.stdout not in buffer_readers
+                ):
+                    # Add the process's output to buffer_readers to ensure it'll get read.
+                    buffer_readers[other_process.stdout] = Buffer_reader(
+                        read_lines(other_process.stdout, other_process), other_process
+                    )
+
+        try:
+            lines = next(reader.lines)
+        except StopIteration:
+            continue
+
+        for line in lines:
+            if not line or not reader.process:
+                continue
+
+            # Keep the last few lines of output in case the process errors and we need the
+            # output for the exception below.
+            log_record = handle_log_record(
+                parse_log_line(
+                    line=line,
+                    log_level=output_log_level,
+                    elevate_stderr=(ready_buffer == reader.process.stderr and not capture_stderr),
+                    borg_local_path=borg_local_path,
+                    command=reader.process.args,
+                ),
+                last_lines=process_metadatas[reader.process].last_lines,
+            )
+
+            if (
+                log_record.levelno is None
+                or output_log_level is None
+                or log_record.levelno >= output_log_level
+            ) and process_metadatas[reader.process].capture:
+                yield log_record.getMessage()
+
+
+def raise_for_process_errors(buffer_readers, process_metadatas, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes):
+    '''
+    Given a dict from buffer object to Buffer_reader, a dict from subprocess.Popen() instance to
+    Process_metadata instance, Borg's local path, a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, check
+    the given processes for error or warning exit codes. If found, vent or kill any running
+    processes. In the case of an error exit code, raise. In the case of warning, return
+    Exit_status.WARNING. Otherwise, return None.
+    '''
+    result_status = None
+
+    for process in process_metadatas:
+        exit_code = process.poll() if buffer_readers else process.wait()
+
+        if exit_code is None:
+            continue
+
+        exit_status = interpret_exit_code(process.args, exit_code, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes)
+
+        if exit_status not in {Exit_status.ERROR, Exit_status.WARNING}:
+            continue
+
+        # Something has gone wrong. So vent each process' output buffer to prevent it from
+        # hanging. And then kill the process.
+        for other_process in process_metadatas:
+            if other_process.poll() is None:
+                other_process.stdout.read(0)
+                other_process.kill()
+
+        if exit_status == Exit_status.WARNING:
+            result_status = Exit_status.WARNING
+            continue
+
+        last_lines = process_metadatas[process].last_lines
+
+        # If an error occurs, include its output in the raised exception so that we don't
+        # inadvertently hide error output.
+        if len(last_lines) >= ERROR_OUTPUT_MAX_LINE_COUNT:
+            last_lines.insert(0, '...')
+
+        raise subprocess.CalledProcessError(
+            exit_code,
+            command_for_process(process),
+            '\n'.join(last_lines),
+        )
+
+    return result_status
+
+
+def log_remaining_buffer_lines(
+    buffer_readers, process_metadatas, output_log_level, borg_local_path, capture_stderr=False
+):
+    '''
+    Given a dict from buffer object to Buffer_reader, a dict from subprocess.Popen() instance to
+    Process_metadata instance, a requested output log level for stdout, Borg's local path, and
+    whether to capture stderr, drain and log any remaining output lines from the buffers until
+    they're empty. Additionally, for any log records with a log level that meets or exceeds the
+    output log level, yield those log messages for capture.
+    '''
+    for output_buffer, reader in buffer_readers.items():
+        if not reader.process:
+            continue
+
+        for lines in reader.lines:
+            for line in lines:
+                log_record = handle_log_record(
+                    parse_log_line(
+                        line=line.rstrip(),
+                        log_level=output_log_level,
+                        elevate_stderr=(
+                            output_buffer == reader.process.stderr and not capture_stderr
+                        ),
+                        borg_local_path=borg_local_path,
+                        command=reader.process.args,
+                    ),
+                )
+
+                if (
+                    log_record.levelno is None
+                    or output_log_level is None
+                    or log_record.levelno >= output_log_level
+                ) and process_metadatas[reader.process].capture:
+                    yield log_record.getMessage()
+
+
+def log_outputs(
+    processes,
+    exclude_stdouts,
+    output_log_level,
+    borg_local_path,
+    borg_exit_codes,
+    capture_stderr=False,
+):
+    '''
+    Given a sequence of subprocess.Popen() instances for multiple processes, log the outputs (stderr
+    and stdout). Use the requested output log level for stdout, but always log stderr to the ERROR
+    log level. Additionally, raise a CalledProcessError if a process exits with an error (or a
+    warning for exit code 1, if that process does not match the Borg local path).
+
+    If the output log level is None, then instead of logging, capture the output for the last
+    process given and yield it one line at a time. This includes stderr if capture stderr is set.
+    But if the output log level is not None, don't yield anything.
+
+    This yielding means that this function is a generator, and must be consumed in order to execute.
+
+    Use the given Borg local path and exit code configuration to decide what's an error and what's a
+    warning. If any stdouts are given to exclude, then for any matching processes, ignore those
+    buffers. Also note that stdout for a process can be None if output is intentionally not
+    captured, in which case it won't be logged.
+    '''
+    # Map from output buffer to Process_metadata instance. By convention, the last process is the
+    # process to capture.
+    process_metadatas = {
+        process: Process_metadata(last_lines=[], capture=bool(process == processes[-1]))
+        for process in processes
+    }
+
+    # Map from buffer to Buffer_reader instance.
+    buffer_readers = {
+        buffer: Buffer_reader(read_lines(buffer, process), process)
+        for process in processes
+        if process.stdout or process.stderr
+        for buffer in output_buffers_for_process(process, exclude_stdouts)
+    }
+
+    # Log output lines for each process until they all exit.
+    while True:
+        yield from log_buffer_lines(
+            buffer_readers, process_metadatas, output_log_level, borg_local_path, capture_stderr
+        )
+
+        if (
+            raise_for_process_errors(
+                buffer_readers, process_metadatas, borg_local_path, borg_exit_codes
+            )
+            == Exit_status.WARNING
+        ):
+            break
+
+        if all(process.poll() is not None for process in processes):
+            break
+
+    # Now that all processes have exited, drain and consume any last output.
+    yield from log_remaining_buffer_lines(
+        buffer_readers, process_metadatas, output_log_level, borg_local_path, capture_stderr
+    )
+
+
 SECRET_COMMAND_FLAG_NAMES = {'--password'}


@@ -300,16 +591,16 @@ def execute_command(
    close_fds=False,  # Necessary for passing credentials via anonymous pipe.
 ):
    '''
-    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings) and log its output at the
-    given log level. If an open output file object is given, then write stdout to the file and only
-    log stderr. If an open input file object is given, then read stdin from the file. If shell is
-    True, execute the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given, then pass
-    it into the command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working directory
-    when running the command. If a Borg local path is given, and the command matches it (regardless
-    of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are
-    given as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to decide
-    what's an error and what's a warning. If run to completion is False, then return the process for
-    the command without executing it to completion.
+    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings) and log its stdout output at
+    the given log level. If an open output file object is given, then write stdout to the file and
+    only log stderr. If an open input file object is given, then read stdin from the file. If shell
+    is True, execute the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given, then
+    pass it into the command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working
+    directory when running the command. If a Borg local path is given, and the command matches it
+    (regardless of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit
+    codes are given as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to
+    decide what's an error and what's a warning. If run to completion is False, then return the
+    process for the command without executing it to completion.

    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command.
    '''
@@ -321,7 +612,7 @@ def execute_command(
        command,
        stdin=input_file,
        stdout=None if do_not_capture else (output_file or subprocess.PIPE),
-        stderr=None if do_not_capture else (subprocess.PIPE if output_file else subprocess.STDOUT),
+        stderr=None if do_not_capture else subprocess.PIPE,
        shell=shell,
        env=environment,
        cwd=working_directory,
@@ -331,12 +622,14 @@ def execute_command(
        return process

    with borgmatic.logger.Log_prefix(None):  # Log command output without any prefix.
-        log_outputs(
-            (process,),
-            (input_file, output_file),
-            output_log_level,
-            borg_local_path,
-            borg_exit_codes,
+        tuple(
+            log_outputs(
+                (process,),
+                (input_file, output_file),
+                output_log_level,
+                borg_local_path,
+                borg_exit_codes,
+            )
        )

    return None
@@ -344,6 +637,7 @@ def execute_command(

 def execute_command_and_capture_output(
    full_command,
+    output_log_level=None,
    input_file=None,
    capture_stderr=False,
    shell=False,
@@ -355,14 +649,18 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
 ):
    '''
    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings), capturing and returning its
-    output (stdout). If an input file descriptor is given, then pipe it to the command's stdin. If
-    capture stderr is True, then capture and return stderr in addition to stdout. If shell is True,
-    execute the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given, then pass it into
-    the command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working directory when
-    running the command. If a Borg local path is given, and the command matches it (regardless of
-    arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are given
-    as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to decide what's an
-    error and what's a warning.
+    output (stdout) as a generator that yields one line at a time. The generator must be consumed in
+    order for the called command to execute.
+
+    If an output log level is given, then instead of suppressing log output, also output the
+    captured lines at the given log level.  If an input file descriptor is given, then pipe it to
+    the command's stdin. If capture stderr is True, then capture stderr in addition to stdout. If
+    shell is True, execute the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given,
+    then pass it into the command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working
+    directory when running the command. If a Borg local path is given, and the command matches it
+    (regardless of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit
+    codes are given as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to
+    decide what's an error and what's a warning.

    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command.
    '''
@@ -370,10 +668,13 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
    command = ' '.join(full_command) if shell else full_command

    try:
-        output = subprocess.check_output(  # noqa: S603
+        process = subprocess.Popen(  # noqa: S603
            command,
            stdin=input_file,
-            stderr=subprocess.STDOUT if capture_stderr else None,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE
+            if capture_stderr or command_is_borg(command, borg_local_path)
+            else None,
            shell=shell,
            env=environment,
            cwd=working_directory,
@@ -386,9 +687,20 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
        ):
            raise

-        output = error.output
+        if error.output is not None:
+            yield from iter(error.output.decode(locale.getpreferredencoding()).splitlines())

-    return output.decode() if output is not None else None
+        return
+
+    with borgmatic.logger.Log_prefix(None):  # Log command output without any prefix.
+        yield from log_outputs(
+            (process,),
+            (input_file,),
+            output_log_level,
+            borg_local_path,
+            borg_exit_codes,
+            capture_stderr=capture_stderr,
+        )


 def execute_command_with_processes(
@@ -405,20 +717,23 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
    close_fds=False,  # Necessary for passing credentials via anonymous pipe.
 ):
    '''
-    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings) and log its output at the
-    given log level. Simultaneously, continue to poll one or more active processes so that they
+    Execute the given command (a sequence of command/argument strings) and log its stdout output at
+    the given log level. Simultaneously, continue to poll one or more active processes so that they
    run as well. This is useful, for instance, for processes that are streaming output to a named
    pipe that the given command is consuming from.

    If an open output file object is given, then write stdout to the file and only log stderr. But
    if output log level is None, instead suppress logging and return the captured output for (only)
-    the given command. If an open input file object is given, then read stdin from the file. If
-    shell is True, execute the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given,
-    then pass it into the command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working
-    directory when running the command. If a Borg local path is given, then for any matching command
-    or process (regardless of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if
-    Borg exit codes are given as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that
-    configuration to decide what's an error and what's a warning.
+    the given command as a generator that yields one line at a time. The generator must be consumed
+    in order for the called command to execute—regardless of the output log level.
+
+    If an open input file object is given, then read stdin from the file. If shell is True, execute
+    the command within a shell. If an environment variables dict is given, then pass it into the
+    command. If a working directory is given, use that as the present working directory when running
+    the command. If a Borg local path is given, then for any matching command or process (regardless
+    of arguments), treat exit code 1 as a warning instead of an error. But if Borg exit codes are
+    given as a sequence of exit code configuration dicts, then use that configuration to decide
+    what's an error and what's a warning.

    Raise subprocesses.CalledProcessError if an error occurs while running the command or in the
    upstream process.
@@ -432,9 +747,7 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
            command,
            stdin=input_file,
            stdout=None if do_not_capture else (output_file or subprocess.PIPE),
-            stderr=(
-                None if do_not_capture else (subprocess.PIPE if output_file else subprocess.STDOUT)
-            ),
+            stderr=None if do_not_capture else subprocess.PIPE,
            shell=shell,
            env=environment,
            cwd=working_directory,
@@ -451,15 +764,10 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
        raise

    with borgmatic.logger.Log_prefix(None):  # Log command output without any prefix.
-        captured_outputs = log_outputs(
+        yield from log_outputs(
            (*processes, command_process),
            (input_file, output_file),
            output_log_level,
            borg_local_path,
            borg_exit_codes,
        )
-
-    if output_log_level is None:
-        return captured_outputs.get(command_process)
-
-    return None
@@ -13,39 +13,71 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


 SOFT_FAIL_EXIT_CODE = 75
-BORG_PLACEHOLDERS = {
-    '{hostname}',
-    '{fqdn}',
-    '{reverse-fqdn}',
-    '{now}',
-    '{utcnow}',
-    '{unixtime}',
-    '{user}',
-    '{pid}',
-    '{borgversion}',
-    '{borgmajor}',
-    '{borgminor}',
-    '{borgpatch}',
+BORG_PLACEHOLDER_NAMES = {
+    'hostname',
+    'fqdn',
+    'reverse-fqdn',
+    'now',
+    'utcnow',
+    'unixtime',
+    'user',
+    'pid',
+    'borgversion',
+    'borgmajor',
+    'borgminor',
+    'borgpatch',
 }


+VARIABLE_PATTERN = re.compile(r'(?P<left_escape>\\)?\{(?P<name>[\w]+)(?P<right_escape>\\)?\}')
+
+
+def resolve_variable(match, context, hook_description):
+    '''
+    Given a re.Match instance of VARIABLE_PATTERN representing a matched variable name to be
+    interpolated, a context dict, and a description of the current command hook, lookup the matched
+    variable name within the given context and return its value.
+
+    If the match is escaped with backslashes, then instead of resolving the variable's value, strip
+    off the backslashing and return the literal value.
+
+    If the variable name isn't found in the given context (and isn't a Borg placeholder), then
+    warn and return the literal value.
+    '''
+    name = match.group('name')
+
+    # The would-be variable is escaped, so strip off the escaping and return the result without
+    # resolving the name.
+    if match.group('left_escape') and match.group('right_escape'):
+        return '{' + name + '}'
+
+    value = context.get(name)
+
+    # The matched variable is in the context, so return its value.
+    if value is not None:
+        return shlex.quote(str(value))
+
+    # The matched variable name isn't in the context. Warn about variables unknown to borgmatic, but
+    # don't warn if the variable name happens to be a Borg placeholder, as Borg should hopefully
+    # consume it.
+    if name not in BORG_PLACEHOLDER_NAMES:
+        logger.warning(
+            f'Variable "{name}" is not supported in the {hook_description} hook',
+        )
+
+    # Return the whole string unaltered.
+    return match.group(0)
+
+
 def interpolate_context(hook_description, command, context):
    '''
    Given a config filename, a hook description, a single hook command, and a dict of context
    names/values, interpolate the values by "{name}" into the command and return the result.
    '''
-    for name, value in context.items():
-        command = command.replace(f'{{{name}}}', shlex.quote(str(value)))
-
-    for unsupported_variable in re.findall(r'\{\w+\}', command):
-        # Warn about variables unknown to borgmatic, but don't warn if the variable name happens to
-        # be a Borg placeholder, as Borg should hopefully consume it.
-        if unsupported_variable not in BORG_PLACEHOLDERS:
-            logger.warning(
-                f'Variable "{unsupported_variable}" is not supported in the {hook_description} hook',
-            )
-
-    return command
+    return VARIABLE_PATTERN.sub(
+        functools.partial(resolve_variable, context=context, hook_description=hook_description),
+        command,
+    )


 def make_environment(current_environment, sys_module=sys):
@@ -147,6 +179,7 @@ def execute_hooks(command_hooks, umask, working_directory, dry_run, **context):
                    shell=True,
                    environment=make_environment(os.environ),
                    working_directory=working_directory,
+                    close_fds=True,
                )
        finally:
            if original_umask:
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ def load_credential(hook_config, config, credential_parameters):
    command = (
        tuple(shlex.split((hook_config or {}).get('keepassxc_cli_command', 'keepassxc-cli')))
        + ('show', '--show-protected', '--attributes', 'Password')
+        + (('--no-password',) if not (hook_config or {}).get('ask_for_password', True) else ())
        + (
            ('--key-file', hook_config['key_file'])
            if hook_config and hook_config.get('key_file')
@@ -42,4 +43,6 @@ def load_credential(hook_config, config, credential_parameters):
        + (expanded_database_path, attribute_name)  # Ensure database and entry are last.
    )

-    return borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(command).rstrip(os.linesep)
+    return '\n'.join(borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(command)).rstrip(
+        os.linesep
+    )
@@ -48,7 +48,9 @@ def load_credential(hook_config, config, credential_parameters):
            ),
        )

-        return borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(command).rstrip(os.linesep)
+        return '\n'.join(borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(command)).rstrip(
+            os.linesep
+        )

    try:
        with open(
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import contextlib
 import glob
 import importlib
+import itertools
 import json
 import logging
 import os
@@ -19,6 +20,29 @@ def use_streaming(hook_config, config):  # pragma: no cover
    return False


+MAXIMUM_CONFIG_SYMLINKS_TO_FOLLOW = 10
+
+
+def resolve_config_path_symlinks(path):
+    '''
+    Given a path, resolve and yield each successive symlink until the final non-symlink target. If
+    the given path isn't a symlink, then just yield it.
+
+    Raise ValueError if we have to follow too many symlinks without getting to the final target.
+    '''
+    original_path = path
+
+    for _ in range(MAXIMUM_CONFIG_SYMLINKS_TO_FOLLOW):
+        yield os.path.abspath(path)
+
+        if not os.path.islink(path):
+            return
+
+        path = os.readlink(path)
+
+    raise ValueError(f'Too many symlinks to follow for configuration path: {original_path}')
+
+
 def dump_data_sources(
    hook_config,
    config,
@@ -34,6 +58,9 @@ def dump_data_sources(
    the archive. But skip this if the bootstrap store_config_files option is False or if this is a
    dry run.

+    If any configuration paths are symlinks, then store each symlink along with any destination
+    paths as well.
+
    Return an empty sequence, since there are no ongoing dump processes from this hook.
    '''
    if hook_config and hook_config.get('store_config_files') is False:
@@ -45,6 +72,10 @@ def dump_data_sources(
        'manifest.json',
    )

+    resolved_config_paths = tuple(
+        itertools.chain.from_iterable(resolve_config_path_symlinks(path) for path in config_paths)
+    )
+
    if dry_run:
        return []

@@ -54,7 +85,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(
        json.dump(
            {
                'borgmatic_version': importlib.metadata.version('borgmatic'),
-                'config_paths': config_paths,
+                'config_paths': resolved_config_paths,
            },
            manifest_file,
        )
@@ -67,7 +98,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(
        ),
    )

-    for config_path in config_paths:
+    for config_path in resolved_config_paths:
        borgmatic.hooks.data_source.config.inject_pattern(
            patterns,
            borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
@@ -116,6 +147,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Restores are implemented via the separate, purpose-specific "bootstrap" action rather than the
@@ -23,33 +23,24 @@ def use_streaming(hook_config, config):  # pragma: no cover
    return False


+BTRFS_SUBVOLUME_INODE_NUMBER = 256
+
+
@functools.cache
-def path_is_a_subvolume(btrfs_command, path):
+def path_is_a_subvolume(path):
    '''
-    Given a btrfs command and a path, return whether the path is a Btrfs subvolume. Return False if
-    the btrfs command errors, which probably indicates there isn't a containing Btrfs subvolume for
-    the given path.
+    Given a path, return whether it is a Btrfs subvolume. Return False if the path doesn't exist.

-    As a performance optimization, multiple calls to this function with the same arguments are
-    cached.
+    As a performance optimization, multiple calls to this function with the same path are cached.
    '''
+    if path == os.environ.get('BTRFS_TEST_SUBVOLUME_PATH'):  # pragma: no cover
+        return True
+
    try:
-        borgmatic.execute.execute_command(
-            (
-                *btrfs_command.split(' '),
-                'subvolume',
-                'show',
-                path,
-            ),
-            output_log_level=None,
-            close_fds=True,
-        )
-    # An error from the command (probably) indicates that the path is not actually a subvolume.
-    except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+        return os.stat(path).st_ino == BTRFS_SUBVOLUME_INODE_NUMBER
+    except FileNotFoundError:
        return False

-    return True
-

@functools.cache
 def get_subvolume_property(btrfs_command, subvolume_path, property_name):
@@ -62,17 +53,19 @@ def get_subvolume_property(btrfs_command, subvolume_path, property_name):
    As a performance optimization, multiple calls to this function with the same arguments are
    cached.
    '''
-    output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
-        (
-            *btrfs_command.split(' '),
-            'property',
-            'get',
-            '-t',  # Type.
-            'subvol',
-            subvolume_path,
-            property_name,
-        ),
-        close_fds=True,
+    output = '\n'.join(
+        borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+            (
+                *btrfs_command.split(' '),
+                'property',
+                'get',
+                '-t',  # Type.
+                'subvol',
+                subvolume_path,
+                property_name,
+            ),
+            close_fds=True,
+        )
    )

    try:
@@ -99,7 +92,7 @@ def get_containing_subvolume_path(btrfs_command, path):
        path,
        *tuple(str(ancestor) for ancestor in pathlib.PurePath(path).parents),
    ):
-        if not path_is_a_subvolume(btrfs_command, candidate_path):
+        if not path_is_a_subvolume(candidate_path):
            continue

        try:
@@ -146,8 +139,8 @@ Subvolume = collections.namedtuple('Subvolume', ('path', 'contained_patterns'),
 def get_subvolumes(btrfs_command, patterns):
    '''
    Given a Btrfs command to run and a sequence of configured patterns, find the intersection
-    between the current Btrfs filesystem and subvolume paths and the paths of any patterns. The
-    idea is that these pattern paths represent the requested subvolumes to snapshot.
+    between the current Btrfs filesystem/subvolume paths and the paths of any patterns. The idea is
+    that these pattern paths represent the requested subvolumes to snapshot.

    Only include subvolumes that contain at least one root pattern sourced from borgmatic
    configuration (as opposed to generated elsewhere in borgmatic).
@@ -180,7 +173,7 @@ def get_subvolumes(btrfs_command, patterns):
    return tuple(sorted(subvolumes, key=lambda subvolume: subvolume.path))


-BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX = '.borgmatic-snapshot-'
+BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX = '.borgmatic-snapshot'


 def make_snapshot_path(subvolume_path):
@@ -189,7 +182,7 @@ def make_snapshot_path(subvolume_path):
    '''
    return os.path.join(
        subvolume_path,
-        f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}{os.getpid()}',
+        f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}',
        # Included so that the snapshot ends up in the Borg archive at the "original" subvolume path.
    ) + subvolume_path.rstrip(os.path.sep)

@@ -202,16 +195,16 @@ def make_snapshot_exclude_pattern(subvolume_path):  # pragma: no cover
    directory within the snapshot itself. For instance, if you have a Btrfs subvolume at /mnt and
    make a snapshot of it at:

-        /mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot-1234/mnt
+        /mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot/mnt

    ... then the snapshot itself will have an empty directory at:

-        /mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot-1234/mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot-1234
+        /mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot/mnt/.borgmatic-snapshot

    So to prevent that from ending up in the Borg archive, this function produces an exclude pattern
    to exclude that path.
    '''
-    snapshot_directory = f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}{os.getpid()}'
+    snapshot_directory = f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}'

    return borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
        os.path.join(
@@ -244,7 +237,7 @@ def make_borg_snapshot_pattern(subvolume_path, pattern):

    rewritten_path = initial_caret + os.path.join(
        subvolume_path,
-        f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}{os.getpid()}',
+        f'{BORGMATIC_SNAPSHOT_PREFIX}',
        # Use the Borg 1.4+ "slashdot" hack to prevent the snapshot path prefix from getting
        # included in the archive—but only if there's not already a slashdot hack present in the
        # pattern.
@@ -274,7 +267,6 @@ def snapshot_subvolume(btrfs_command, subvolume_path, snapshot_path):  # pragma:
            *btrfs_command.split(' '),
            'subvolume',
            'snapshot',
-            '-r',  # Read-only.
            subvolume_path,
            snapshot_path,
        ),
@@ -422,6 +414,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Restores aren't implemented, because stored files can be extracted directly with "extract".
@@ -72,13 +72,15 @@ def get_ip_from_container(container):
    last_error = None
    for engine in engines:
        try:
-            output = execute_command_and_capture_output(
-                (
-                    engine,
-                    'container',
-                    'inspect',
-                    '--format={{json .NetworkSettings}}',
-                    container,
+            output = '\n'.join(
+                execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                    (
+                        engine,
+                        'container',
+                        'inspect',
+                        '--format={{json .NetworkSettings}}',
+                        container,
+                    )
                )
            )
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
@@ -105,18 +107,20 @@ def get_ip_from_container(container):
    )


-def inject_pattern(patterns, data_source_pattern):
+def inject_pattern(patterns, data_source_pattern, override_excludes=True):
    '''
    Given a list of borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern instances representing the configured patterns,
    insert the given data source pattern at the start of the list. The idea is that borgmatic is
    injecting its own custom pattern specific to a data source hook into the user's configured
    patterns so that the hook's data gets included in the backup.

-    As part of this injection, if the data source pattern is a root pattern, also insert an
-    "include" version of the given root pattern, in an attempt to preempt any of the user's
-    configured exclude patterns that may follow.
+    As part of this injection, if the data source pattern is a root pattern and override_excludes is
+    True, also insert an "include" version of the given root pattern, in an attempt to preempt any
+    of the user's configured exclude patterns that may follow. The is to support use cases like
+    borgmatic injecting its own patterns for things like database dumps or bootstrap metadata, where
+    we don't want them to get accidentally excluded.
    '''
-    if data_source_pattern.type == borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT:
+    if data_source_pattern.type == borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT and override_excludes:
        patterns.insert(
            0,
            borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
@@ -138,30 +142,14 @@ def replace_pattern(patterns, pattern_to_replace, data_source_pattern):
    replacing a configured pattern with its own modified pattern specific to a data source hook so
    that the hook's data gets included in the backup.

-    As part of this replacement, if the data source pattern is a root pattern, also insert an
-    "include" version of the given root pattern right after the replaced pattern, in an attempt to
-    preempt any of the user's configured exclude patterns that may follow.
-
    If the pattern to replace can't be found in the given patterns, then just inject the data source
    pattern at the start of the list.
    '''
    try:
        index = patterns.index(pattern_to_replace)
    except ValueError:
-        inject_pattern(patterns, data_source_pattern)
+        inject_pattern(patterns, data_source_pattern, override_excludes=False)

        return

    patterns[index] = data_source_pattern
-
-    if data_source_pattern.type == borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.ROOT:
-        patterns.insert(
-            index + 1,
-            borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern(
-                path=data_source_pattern.path,
-                type=borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_type.INCLUDE,
-                style=data_source_pattern.style,
-                device=data_source_pattern.device,
-                source=borgmatic.borg.pattern.Pattern_source.HOOK,
-            ),
-        )
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import fnmatch
 import json
 import logging
 import os
+import re
 import shutil

 import borgmatic.actions.restore
@@ -114,16 +115,33 @@ def remove_data_source_dumps(dump_path, data_source_type_name, dry_run):
        shutil.rmtree(dump_path)


+END_OF_STRING_PATTTERN = re.compile(r'\\z', flags=re.IGNORECASE)
+
+
 def convert_glob_patterns_to_borg_pattern(patterns):
    '''
    Convert a sequence of shell glob patterns like "/etc/*", "/tmp/*" to the corresponding Borg
    regular expression archive pattern as a single string like "re:etc/.*|tmp/.*".
    '''
-    # Remove the "\z" or "\Z" generated by fnmatch.translate() because we don't want the pattern to
-    # match only at the end of a path, as directory format dumps require extracting files with paths
-    # longer than the pattern. E.g., a pattern of "borgmatic/*/foo_databases/test" should also match
-    # paths like "borgmatic/*/foo_databases/test/toc.dat"
+    # This deserves some explanation. Here's what this code is doing for each shell glob pattern:
+    #
+    #  * Strip off the leading slash, since Borg doesn't store leading slashes in archives.
+    #  * Use fnmatch.translate() to convert the pattern to a Borg pattern.
+    #  * Remove the "\z" or \"Z" end-of-string special character generated by fnmatch.translate(),
+    #    because Borg doesn't like it. Replace it with a "$" end-of-string special character
+    #    instead. And yes, this is using a regular expression to modify a regular expression.
+    #  * Do the above for each of:
+    #    * The plain pattern. This supports the use case of a standard database where its name is a
+    #      filename in the path. Example: borgmatic/foo_databases/hostname/test
+    #    * The pattern with "/*" tacked onto the end of it. This supports the use case of a
+    #      directory-format database where its name is a directory name in the path. Example:
+    #      borgmatic/foo_databases/hostname/test/toc.dat
+    #
+    # Join the resulting transformed patterns together with "|" and return them as a string.
    return 're:' + '|'.join(
-        fnmatch.translate(pattern.lstrip('/')).replace('\\z', '').replace('\\Z', '')
+        re.sub(END_OF_STRING_PATTTERN, '$', fnmatch.translate(stripped))
+        + '|'
+        + re.sub(END_OF_STRING_PATTTERN, '$', fnmatch.translate(stripped + '/*'))
        for pattern in patterns
+        for stripped in (pattern.lstrip('/'),)
    )
@@ -44,17 +44,19 @@ def get_logical_volumes(lsblk_command, patterns=None):
    '''
    try:
        devices_info = json.loads(
-            borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
-                # Use lsblk instead of lvs here because lvs can't show active mounts.
-                (
-                    *lsblk_command.split(' '),
-                    '--output',
-                    'name,path,mountpoint,type',
-                    '--json',
-                    '--list',
+            '\n'.join(
+                borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                    # Use lsblk instead of lvs here because lvs can't show active mounts.
+                    (
+                        *lsblk_command.split(' '),
+                        '--output',
+                        'name,path,mountpoint,type',
+                        '--json',
+                        '--list',
+                    ),
+                    close_fds=True,
                ),
-                close_fds=True,
-            ),
+            )
        )
    except json.JSONDecodeError as error:
        raise ValueError(f'Invalid {lsblk_command} JSON output: {error}')
@@ -321,19 +323,21 @@ def get_snapshots(lvs_command, snapshot_name=None):
    '''
    try:
        snapshot_info = json.loads(
-            borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
-                # Use lvs instead of lsblk here because lsblk can't filter to just snapshots.
-                (
-                    *lvs_command.split(' '),
-                    '--report-format',
-                    'json',
-                    '--options',
-                    'lv_name,lv_path',
-                    '--select',
-                    'lv_attr =~ ^s',  # Filter to just snapshots.
+            '\n'.join(
+                borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+                    # Use lvs instead of lsblk here because lsblk can't filter to just snapshots.
+                    (
+                        *lvs_command.split(' '),
+                        '--report-format',
+                        'json',
+                        '--options',
+                        'lv_name,lv_path',
+                        '--select',
+                        'lv_attr =~ ^s',  # Filter to just snapshots.
+                    ),
+                    close_fds=True,
                ),
-                close_fds=True,
-            ),
+            )
        )
    except json.JSONDecodeError as error:
        raise ValueError(f'Invalid {lvs_command} JSON output: {error}')
@@ -452,6 +456,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Restores aren't implemented, because stored files can be extracted directly with "extract".
@@ -132,6 +132,8 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
    extra_options, defaults_extra_filename = parse_extra_options(database.get('list_options'))
    password_transport = database.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
    hostname = database_config.resolve_database_option('hostname', database)
+    socket_path = database.get('socket_path')
+
    show_command = (
        mariadb_show_command
        + (
@@ -143,6 +145,7 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or 'port' in database else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if database.get('tls') is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if database.get('tls') is False else ())
@@ -155,11 +158,15 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
    if skip_names:
        logger.debug(f'Skipping database names: {", ".join(skip_names)}')

-    show_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(show_command, environment=environment)
+    show_lines = execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        show_command,
+        environment=environment,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+    )

    return tuple(
-        show_name
-        for show_name in show_output.strip().splitlines()
+        show_name.strip()
+        for show_name in show_lines
        if show_name not in SYSTEM_DATABASE_NAMES
        if not skip_names or show_name not in skip_names
    )
@@ -209,6 +216,8 @@ def execute_dump_command(
    extra_options, defaults_extra_filename = parse_extra_options(database.get('options'))
    password_transport = database.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
    hostname = database_config.resolve_database_option('hostname', database)
+    socket_path = database.get('socket_path')
+
    dump_command = (
        mariadb_dump_command
        + (
@@ -218,9 +227,11 @@ def execute_dump_command(
        )
        + extra_options
        + (('--add-drop-database',) if database.get('add_drop_database', True) else ())
+        + ('--single-transaction',)
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or 'port' in database else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if database.get('tls') is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if database.get('tls') is False else ())
@@ -239,6 +250,7 @@ def execute_dump_command(
        dump_command,
        environment=environment,
        run_to_completion=False,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
    )


@@ -398,6 +410,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory,
@@ -407,16 +423,24 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return (
-        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, label='*'),
+        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+            make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, hostname, port, container, label
+        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_runtime_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
    )

@@ -443,6 +467,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
    port = database_config.resolve_database_option(
        'port', data_source, connection_params, restore=True
    )
+    socket_path = database_config.resolve_database_option('socket_path', data_source, restore=True)
    tls = database_config.resolve_database_option('tls', data_source, restore=True)
    username = borgmatic.hooks.credential.parse.resolve_credential(
        database_config.resolve_database_option(
@@ -462,6 +487,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
    )
    extra_options, defaults_extra_filename = parse_extra_options(data_source.get('restore_options'))
    password_transport = data_source.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
+
    restore_command = (
        mariadb_restore_command
        + (
@@ -474,6 +500,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(port)) if port else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or port else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if tls is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if tls is False else ())
@@ -489,10 +516,14 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(

    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
-    execute_command_with_processes(
-        restore_command,
-        [extract_process],
-        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
-        input_file=extract_process.stdout,
-        environment=environment,
+    tuple(
+        execute_command_with_processes(
+            restore_command,
+            [extract_process],
+            output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+            input_file=extract_process.stdout,
+            environment=environment,
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=config.get('local_path', 'borg'),
+        )
    )
@@ -90,11 +90,20 @@ def dump_data_sources(

        if dump_format == 'directory':
            dump.create_parent_directory_for_dump(dump_filename)
-            execute_command(command, shell=True)  # noqa: S604
+            execute_command(  # noqa: S604
+                command,
+                shell=True,
+                working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            )
        else:
            dump.create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_filename)
            processes.append(
-                execute_command(command, shell=True, run_to_completion=False),  # noqa: S604
+                execute_command(  # noqa: S604
+                    command,
+                    shell=True,
+                    run_to_completion=False,
+                    working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+                ),
            )

    if not dry_run:
@@ -203,6 +212,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory,
@@ -212,16 +225,24 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return (
-        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, label='*'),
+        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+            make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, hostname, port, container, label
+        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_runtime_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
    )

@@ -268,11 +289,15 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(

    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
-    execute_command_with_processes(
-        restore_command,
-        [extract_process] if extract_process else [],
-        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
-        input_file=extract_process.stdout if extract_process else None,
+    tuple(
+        execute_command_with_processes(
+            restore_command,
+            [extract_process] if extract_process else [],
+            output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+            input_file=extract_process.stdout if extract_process else None,
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=config.get('local_path', 'borg'),
+        )
    )


@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
    )
    password_transport = database.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
    hostname = database_config.resolve_database_option('hostname', database)
+    socket_path = database.get('socket_path')
+
    show_command = (
        mysql_show_command
        + (
@@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or 'port' in database else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if database.get('tls') is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if database.get('tls') is False else ())
@@ -84,11 +87,15 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, username, password, environment, dr
    if skip_names:
        logger.debug(f'Skipping database names: {", ".join(skip_names)}')

-    show_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(show_command, environment=environment)
+    show_lines = execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        show_command,
+        environment=environment,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+    )

    return tuple(
-        show_name
-        for show_name in show_output.strip().splitlines()
+        show_name.strip()
+        for show_name in show_lines
        if show_name not in SYSTEM_DATABASE_NAMES
        if not skip_names or show_name not in skip_names
    )
@@ -136,6 +143,8 @@ def execute_dump_command(
    )
    password_transport = database.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
    hostname = database_config.resolve_database_option('hostname', database)
+    socket_path = database.get('socket_path')
+
    dump_command = (
        mysql_dump_command
        + (
@@ -149,9 +158,11 @@ def execute_dump_command(
        )
        + extra_options
        + (('--add-drop-database',) if database.get('add_drop_database', True) else ())
+        + ('--single-transaction',)
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(database['port'])) if 'port' in database else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or 'port' in database else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if database.get('tls') is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if database.get('tls') is False else ())
@@ -170,6 +181,7 @@ def execute_dump_command(
        dump_command,
        environment=environment,
        run_to_completion=False,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
    )


@@ -329,6 +341,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory,
@@ -338,16 +354,24 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return (
-        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, label='*'),
+        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+            make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, hostname, port, container, label
+        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_runtime_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
    )

@@ -374,6 +398,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
    port = database_config.resolve_database_option(
        'port', data_source, connection_params, restore=True
    )
+    socket_path = database_config.resolve_database_option('socket_path', data_source, restore=True)
    tls = database_config.resolve_database_option('tls', data_source, restore=True)
    username = borgmatic.hooks.credential.parse.resolve_credential(
        database_config.resolve_database_option(
@@ -395,6 +420,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
        borgmatic.hooks.data_source.mariadb.parse_extra_options(data_source.get('restore_options'))
    )
    password_transport = data_source.get('password_transport', 'pipe')
+
    restore_command = (
        mysql_restore_command
        + (
@@ -411,6 +437,7 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
        + (('--host', hostname) if hostname else ())
        + (('--port', str(port)) if port else ())
        + (('--protocol', 'tcp') if hostname or port else ())
+        + (('--socket', socket_path) if socket_path else ())
        + (('--user', username) if username and password_transport == 'environment' else ())
        + (('--ssl',) if tls is True else ())
        + (('--skip-ssl',) if tls is False else ())
@@ -426,10 +453,14 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(

    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
-    execute_command_with_processes(
-        restore_command,
-        [extract_process],
-        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
-        input_file=extract_process.stdout,
-        environment=environment,
+    tuple(
+        execute_command_with_processes(
+            restore_command,
+            [extract_process],
+            output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+            input_file=extract_process.stdout,
+            environment=environment,
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=config.get('local_path', 'borg'),
+        )
    )
@@ -103,11 +103,15 @@ def database_names_to_dump(database, config, environment, dry_run):
        + (tuple(database['list_options'].split(' ')) if 'list_options' in database else ())
    )
    logger.debug('Querying for "all" PostgreSQL databases to dump')
-    list_output = execute_command_and_capture_output(list_command, environment=environment)
+    list_lines = execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        list_command,
+        environment=environment,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+    )

    return tuple(
        row[0]
-        for row in csv.reader(list_output.splitlines(), delimiter=',', quotechar='"')
+        for row in csv.reader(list_lines, delimiter=',', quotechar='"')
        if row[0] not in EXCLUDED_DATABASE_NAMES
    )

@@ -245,6 +249,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(
                    command,
                    shell=True,
                    environment=environment,
+                    working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
                )
            else:
                dump.create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_filename)
@@ -254,6 +259,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(
                        shell=True,
                        environment=environment,
                        run_to_completion=False,
+                        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
                    ),
                )

@@ -296,6 +302,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory,
@@ -305,16 +315,24 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return (
-        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, label='*'),
+        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+            make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, hostname, port, container, label
+        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_runtime_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
    )

@@ -416,11 +434,19 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(

    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
-    execute_command_with_processes(
-        restore_command,
-        [extract_process] if extract_process else [],
-        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
-        input_file=extract_process.stdout if extract_process else None,
+    tuple(
+        execute_command_with_processes(
+            restore_command,
+            [extract_process] if extract_process else [],
+            output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+            input_file=extract_process.stdout if extract_process else None,
+            environment=environment,
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=config.get('local_path', 'borg'),
+        )
+    )
+    execute_command(
+        analyze_command,
        environment=environment,
+        working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
    )
-    execute_command(analyze_command, environment=environment)
@@ -86,6 +86,7 @@ def dump_data_sources(
        )
        command = (
            *sqlite_command,
+            '-bail',
            shlex.quote(database_path),
            '.dump',
            '>',
@@ -100,7 +101,12 @@ def dump_data_sources(

        dump.create_named_pipe_for_dump(dump_filename)
        processes.append(
-            execute_command(command, shell=True, run_to_completion=False),  # noqa: S604
+            execute_command(  # noqa: S604
+                command,
+                shell=True,
+                run_to_completion=False,
+                working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            ),
        )

    if not dry_run:
@@ -138,6 +144,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Given a sequence of configurations dicts, a configuration dict, the borgmatic runtime directory,
@@ -147,16 +157,24 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    borgmatic_source_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_borgmatic_source_directory(config)

    return (
-        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, label='*'),
+        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
+            make_dump_path('borgmatic'), name, hostname, port, container, label
+        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_runtime_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
        dump.make_data_source_dump_filename(
            make_dump_path(borgmatic_source_directory),
            name,
-            label='*',
+            hostname,
+            port,
+            container,
+            label,
        ),
    )

@@ -196,12 +214,17 @@ def restore_data_source_dump(
        shlex.quote(part)
        for part in shlex.split(data_source.get('sqlite_restore_command') or 'sqlite3')
    )
-    restore_command = (*sqlite_restore_command, shlex.quote(database_path))
+    restore_command = (*sqlite_restore_command, '-bail', shlex.quote(database_path))
+
    # Don't give Borg local path so as to error on warnings, as "borg extract" only gives a warning
    # if the restore paths don't exist in the archive.
-    execute_command_with_processes(
-        restore_command,
-        [extract_process],
-        output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
-        input_file=extract_process.stdout,
+    tuple(
+        execute_command_with_processes(
+            restore_command,
+            [extract_process],
+            output_log_level=logging.DEBUG,
+            input_file=extract_process.stdout,
+            working_directory=borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config),
+            borg_local_path=config.get('local_path', 'borg'),
+        )
    )
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def get_datasets_to_backup(zfs_command, patterns):

    Return the result as a sequence of Dataset instances, sorted by mount point.
    '''
-    list_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+    list_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
        (
            *zfs_command.split(' '),
            'list',
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ def get_datasets_to_backup(zfs_command, patterns):
        datasets = sorted(
            (
                Dataset(dataset_name, mount_point, (user_property_value == 'auto'), ())
-                for line in list_output.splitlines()
+                for line in list_lines
                for (dataset_name, mount_point, can_mount, user_property_value) in (
                    line.rstrip().split('\t'),
                )
                # Skip datasets that are marked "canmount=off", because mounting their snapshots will
                # result in completely empty mount points—thereby preventing us from backing them up.
-                if can_mount == 'on'
+                if can_mount != 'off'
            ),
            key=lambda dataset: dataset.mount_point,
            reverse=True,
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ def get_all_dataset_mount_points(zfs_command):
    '''
    Given a ZFS command to run, return all ZFS datasets as a sequence of sorted mount points.
    '''
-    list_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+    list_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
        (
            *zfs_command.split(' '),
            'list',
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ def get_all_dataset_mount_points(zfs_command):
        sorted(
            {
                mount_point
-                for line in list_output.splitlines()
+                for line in list_lines
                for mount_point in (line.rstrip(),)
                if mount_point != 'none'
            },
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ def get_all_snapshots(zfs_command):
    Given a ZFS command to run, return all ZFS snapshots as a sequence of full snapshot names of the
    form "dataset@snapshot".
    '''
-    list_output = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+    list_lines = borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
        (
            *tuple(zfs_command.split(' ')),
            'list',
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def get_all_snapshots(zfs_command):
        close_fds=True,
    )

-    return tuple(line.rstrip() for line in list_output.splitlines())
+    return tuple(line.rstrip() for line in list_lines)


 def remove_data_source_dumps(hook_config, config, borgmatic_runtime_directory, patterns, dry_run):  # noqa: PLR0912
@@ -453,6 +453,10 @@ def make_data_source_dump_patterns(
    config,
    borgmatic_runtime_directory,
    name=None,
+    hostname=None,
+    port=None,
+    container=None,
+    label=None,
 ):  # pragma: no cover
    '''
    Restores aren't implemented, because stored files can be extracted directly with "extract".
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ import importlib
 import logging
 import pkgutil

-import borgmatic.hooks.command
 import borgmatic.hooks.credential
 import borgmatic.hooks.data_source
 import borgmatic.hooks.monitoring
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_leve
    we can send them all to an Apprise notification service upon a finish or failure state. But skip
    this if the "send_logs" option is false.
    '''
-    if hook_config.get('send_logs') is False:
+    if hook_config.get('send_logs', False) is False:
        return

    logs_size_limit = max(
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_leve
    we can send them all to Healthchecks upon a finish or failure state. But skip this if the
    "send_logs" option is false.
    '''
-    if hook_config.get('send_logs') is False:
+    if hook_config.get('send_logs', False) is False:
        return

    ping_body_limit = max(
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ MAX_BUFFER_LINES = 100

 class Loki_log_buffer:
    '''
-    A log buffer that allows to output the logs as loki requests in json. Allows
-    adding labels to the log stream and takes care of communication with loki.
+    A log buffer that allows to output the logs as Loki requests in json. Allows
+    adding labels to the log stream and takes care of communication with Loki.
    '''

    def __init__(self, url, dry_run):
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ class Loki_log_buffer:
        if self.dry_run:
            # Just empty the buffer and skip
            self.root['streams'][0]['values'] = []
-            logger.info('Skipped uploading logs to loki due to dry run')
+            logger.info('Skipped uploading logs to Loki due to dry run')
            return

        if len(self) == 0:
@@ -80,23 +80,33 @@ class Loki_log_buffer:
            )
            result.raise_for_status()
        except requests.RequestException:
-            logger.warning('Failed to upload logs to loki')
+            logger.warning('Failed to upload logs to Loki')


 class Loki_log_handler(logging.Handler):
    '''
-    A log handler that sends logs to loki.
+    A log handler that sends logs to Loki.
    '''

-    def __init__(self, url, dry_run):
+    def __init__(self, url, send_logs, log_level, dry_run):
+        '''
+        Given a URL to send logs to, whether all borgmatic logs should be sent (or just explicitly
+        added messages from this hook), the log level to use (influencing which logs get sent), and
+        whether this is a dry run, create an instance of Loki_log_buffer.
+        '''
        super().__init__()
+
        self.buffer = Loki_log_buffer(url, dry_run)
+        self.send_logs = send_logs
+        self.setLevel(log_level)

    def emit(self, record):
        '''
-        Add a log record from the logging module to the stream.
+        Add a general log record from the logging module to the stream—but only if send logs is
+        enabled.
        '''
-        self.raw(record.getMessage())
+        if self.send_logs:
+            self.raw(record.getMessage())

    def add_label(self, key, value):
        '''
@@ -110,22 +120,26 @@ class Loki_log_handler(logging.Handler):
        '''
        self.buffer.add_value(msg)

-        if len(self.buffer) > MAX_BUFFER_LINES:
+        # If log sending is enabled, flush the buffer (and send data to Loki) once we accumulate
+        # enough log data in the buffer. But if log sending is disabled, flush immediately so that,
+        # for instance, start backup notifications are sent when the backup starts instead of after
+        # it finishes!
+        if len(self.buffer) > MAX_BUFFER_LINES or not self.send_logs:
            self.buffer.flush()

    def flush(self):
        '''
-        Send the logs to loki and empty the buffer.
+        Send the logs to Loki and empty the buffer.
        '''
        self.buffer.flush()


 def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
-    Add a handler to the root logger to regularly send the logs to loki.
+    Add a handler to the root logger to regularly send the logs to Loki.
    '''
    url = hook_config.get('url')
-    loki = Loki_log_handler(url, dry_run)
+    loki = Loki_log_handler(url, hook_config.get('send_logs', False), monitoring_log_level, dry_run)

    for key, value in hook_config.get('labels').items():
        if value == '__hostname':
@@ -137,12 +151,14 @@ def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_leve
        else:
            loki.add_label(key, value)

-    logging.getLogger().addHandler(loki)
+    global_logger = logging.getLogger()
+    global_logger.addHandler(loki)
+    global_logger.setLevel(min(handler.level for handler in global_logger.handlers))


 def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
-    Add an entry to the loki logger with the current state.
+    Add an entry to the Loki logger with the current state.
    '''
    for handler in tuple(logging.getLogger().handlers):
        if isinstance(handler, Loki_log_handler) and state in MONITOR_STATE_TO_LOKI:
@@ -153,9 +169,11 @@ def destroy_monitor(hook_config, config, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Remove the monitor handler that was added to the root logger.
    '''
-    logger = logging.getLogger()
+    global_logger = logging.getLogger()

-    for handler in tuple(logger.handlers):
+    for handler in tuple(global_logger.handlers):
        if isinstance(handler, Loki_log_handler):
            handler.flush()
-            logger.removeHandler(handler)
+            global_logger.removeHandler(handler)
+
+    global_logger.setLevel(min(handler.level for handler in global_logger.handlers))
@@ -22,6 +22,29 @@ def initialize_monitor(
    '''


+def convert_string_to_array(value):
+    value = '' if value is None else str(value)
+    items = []
+
+    for item in value.split(','):
+        stripped = item.strip()
+
+        if stripped:
+            items.append(stripped)
+
+    return items
+
+
+PRIORITY_NAME_TO_ID = {
+    'max': 5,
+    'urgent': 5,
+    'high': 4,
+    'default': 3,
+    'low': 2,
+    'min': 1,
+}
+
+
 def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_level, dry_run):
    '''
    Ping the configured Ntfy topic. Use the given configuration filename in any log entries.
@@ -31,13 +54,13 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev

    if state.name.lower() in run_states:
        dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually pinging)' if dry_run else ''
-
+        default_priority = PRIORITY_NAME_TO_ID['default']
        state_config = hook_config.get(
            state.name.lower(),
            {
                'title': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
                'message': f'A borgmatic {state.name} event happened',
-                'priority': 'default',
+                'priority': default_priority,
                'tags': 'borgmatic',
            },
        )
@@ -46,14 +69,17 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
        topic = hook_config.get('topic')

        logger.info(f'Pinging ntfy topic {topic}{dry_run_label}')
-        logger.debug(f'Using Ntfy ping URL {base_url}/{topic}')
+        logger.debug(f'Using ntfy ping URL {base_url}')

        headers = {
            'User-Agent': 'borgmatic',
-            'X-Title': state_config.get('title'),
-            'X-Message': state_config.get('message'),
-            'X-Priority': state_config.get('priority'),
-            'X-Tags': state_config.get('tags'),
+        }
+        payload = {
+            'topic': topic,
+            'title': state_config.get('title'),
+            'message': state_config.get('message'),
+            'priority': PRIORITY_NAME_TO_ID.get(state_config.get('priority'), default_priority),
+            'tags': convert_string_to_array(state_config.get('tags')),
        }

        try:
@@ -81,7 +107,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
                    'ntfy access_token is set but so is username/password, only using access_token',
                )

-            auth = requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth('', access_token)
+            headers['Authorization'] = f'Bearer {access_token}'
        elif (username and password) is not None:
            auth = requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth(username, password)
            logger.info(f'Using basic auth with user {username} for ntfy')
@@ -94,10 +120,11 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
            logging.getLogger('urllib3').setLevel(logging.ERROR)
            try:
                response = requests.post(
-                    f'{base_url}/{topic}',
+                    base_url,
                    auth=auth,
                    timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
                    headers=headers,
+                    json=payload,
                )
                if not response.ok:
                    response.raise_for_status()
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def initialize_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, monitoring_log_leve
    we can send them all to PagerDuty upon a failure state. But skip this if the "send_logs" option
    is false.
    '''
-    if hook_config.get('send_logs') is False:
+    if hook_config.get('send_logs', False) is False:
        return

    ping_body_limit = max(
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import logging
 import re
+import urllib

 import requests

@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not actually pinging)' if dry_run else ''

    data_source_name_url = hook_config.get('data_source_name_url')
+    environment = hook_config.get('environment')
    monitor_slug = hook_config.get('monitor_slug')
    match = DATA_SOURCE_NAME_URL_PATTERN.match(data_source_name_url)

@@ -65,10 +67,12 @@ def ping_monitor(hook_config, config, config_filename, state, monitoring_log_lev
    if dry_run:
        return

+    environment_query = f'&environment={urllib.parse.quote(environment)}' if environment else ''
+
    logging.getLogger('urllib3').setLevel(logging.ERROR)
    try:
        response = requests.post(
-            f'{cron_url}?status={status}',
+            f'{cron_url}?status={status}{environment_query}',
            timeout=TIMEOUT_SECONDS,
            headers={'User-Agent': 'borgmatic'},
        )
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import enum
+import json
 import logging
 import logging.handlers
 import os
+import socket
 import sys


@@ -85,6 +87,57 @@ class Multi_stream_handler(logging.Handler):
            handler.setLevel(level)


+DEFAULT_JOURNALD_PRIORITY = 6
+
+
+class JournaldHandler(logging.Handler):
+    def __init__(self, journald_socket_path):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        add_custom_log_levels()
+
+        self.journald_socket_path = journald_socket_path
+        self.log_level_to_journald_priority = {
+            logging.CRITICAL: 2,
+            logging.ERROR: 3,
+            logging.WARNING: 4,
+            logging.ANSWER: 5,
+            logging.INFO: 6,
+            logging.DEBUG: 7,
+        }
+
+    def emit(self, record):
+        sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+
+        try:
+            message_parts = []
+            entry = dict(
+                MESSAGE=record.getMessage(),
+                PRIORITY=self.log_level_to_journald_priority.get(
+                    record.levelno, DEFAULT_JOURNALD_PRIORITY
+                ),
+                SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER='borgmatic',
+                SYSLOG_PID=os.getpid(),
+            )
+
+            for key, value in entry.items():
+                encoded_key = key.upper().encode('utf-8')
+                encoded_value = str(value).encode('utf-8')
+
+                # Multi-line and single-line values use different formats on the wire.
+                if b'\n' in encoded_value:
+                    message_parts.extend((encoded_key, b'\n'))
+                    message_parts.extend(
+                        (len(encoded_value).to_bytes(8, 'little'), encoded_value, b'\n')
+                    )
+                else:
+                    message_parts.extend((encoded_key, b'=', encoded_value, b'\n'))
+
+            sock.sendto(b''.join(message_parts), self.journald_socket_path)
+        finally:
+            sock.close()
+
+
 class Log_prefix_formatter(logging.Formatter):
    def __init__(self, fmt='{prefix}{message}', *args, style='{', **kwargs):
        self.prefix = None
@@ -97,6 +150,29 @@ class Log_prefix_formatter(logging.Formatter):
        return super().format(record)


+def log_record_to_json(record):
+    '''
+    Given a logging.LogRecord, return it as a JSON-encoded string containing relevant attributes.
+    '''
+    return json.dumps(
+        dict(
+            type='log_message',
+            time=record.created,
+            message=record.getMessage(),
+            levelname=record.levelname,
+            name=record.name,
+        )
+    )
+
+
+class Json_formatter(logging.Formatter):
+    def __init__(self, fmt='{message}', *args, style='{', **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, fmt=fmt, style=style, **kwargs)
+
+    def format(self, record):  # noqa: PLR6301
+        return log_record_to_json(record)
+
+
 class Color(enum.Enum):
    RESET = 0
    RED = 31
@@ -321,6 +397,10 @@ def flush_delayed_logging(target_handlers):
        root_logger.removeHandler(delayed_handler)


+JOURNALD_SOCKET_PATH = '/run/systemd/journal/socket'
+SYSLOG_PATHS = ('/dev/log', '/var/run/syslog', '/var/run/log')
+
+
 def configure_logging(
    console_log_level,
    syslog_log_level=None,
@@ -328,6 +408,7 @@ def configure_logging(
    monitoring_log_level=None,
    log_file=None,
    log_file_format=None,
+    log_json=False,
    color_enabled=True,
 ):
    '''
@@ -364,7 +445,9 @@ def configure_logging(
        },
    )

-    if color_enabled:
+    if log_json:
+        console_handler.setFormatter(Json_formatter())
+    elif color_enabled:
        console_handler.setFormatter(Console_color_formatter())
    else:
        console_handler.setFormatter(Log_prefix_formatter())
@@ -373,29 +456,32 @@ def configure_logging(
    handlers = [console_handler]

    if syslog_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
-        syslog_path = None
-
-        if os.path.exists('/dev/log'):
-            syslog_path = '/dev/log'
-        elif os.path.exists('/var/run/syslog'):
-            syslog_path = '/var/run/syslog'
-        elif os.path.exists('/var/run/log'):
-            syslog_path = '/var/run/log'
-
-        if syslog_path:
-            syslog_handler = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler(address=syslog_path)
-            syslog_handler.setFormatter(
-                Log_prefix_formatter(
-                    'borgmatic: {levelname} {prefix}{message}',
-                ),
+        if os.path.exists(JOURNALD_SOCKET_PATH):
+            journald_handler = JournaldHandler(JOURNALD_SOCKET_PATH)
+            journald_handler.setLevel(syslog_log_level)
+            handlers.append(journald_handler)
+        else:
+            syslog_path = next(
+                (path for path in SYSLOG_PATHS if os.path.exists(path)),
+                None,
            )
-            syslog_handler.setLevel(syslog_log_level)
-            handlers.append(syslog_handler)
+
+            if syslog_path:
+                syslog_handler = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler(address=syslog_path)
+                syslog_handler.setFormatter(
+                    Log_prefix_formatter(
+                        'borgmatic: {levelname} {prefix}{message}',
+                    ),
+                )
+                syslog_handler.setLevel(syslog_log_level)
+                handlers.append(syslog_handler)

    if log_file and log_file_log_level != logging.DISABLED:
        file_handler = logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler(log_file)
        file_handler.setFormatter(
-            Log_prefix_formatter(
+            Json_formatter()
+            if log_json
+            else Log_prefix_formatter(
                log_file_format or '[{asctime}] {levelname}: {prefix}{message}',
            ),
        )
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+PORT=8080
@@ -5,13 +5,17 @@ RUN apk add --no-cache py3-pip py3-ruamel.yaml py3-ruamel.yaml.clib
 RUN pip install --break-system-packages --no-cache /app && borgmatic config generate && borgmatic config generate --destination /etc/borgmatic --split && chmod +r /etc/borgmatic/*.yaml
 RUN mkdir /command-line \
    && borgmatic --help > /command-line/global.txt \
-    && for action in repo-create transfer create prune compact check delete extract config "config bootstrap" "config generate" "config validate" export-tar mount umount repo-delete restore repo-list list repo-info info break-lock "key export" "key import" "key change-passphrase" recreate borg; do \
+    && for action in repo-create transfer create prune compact check delete extract config "config bootstrap" "config generate" "config validate" "config show" export-tar mount umount repo-delete restore repo-list list repo-info info break-lock "key export" "key import" "key change-passphrase" recreate diff borg; do \
           borgmatic $action --help > /command-line/${action/ /-}.txt; done
 RUN /app/docs/fetch-contributors >> /contributors.html

 FROM docker.io/node:22.4.0-alpine AS html

 ARG ENVIRONMENT=production
+ARG PORT=${PORT}
+ARG FONT=${FONT}
+
+RUN echo "FONT: ${FONT}"

 WORKDIR /source

@@ -24,10 +28,11 @@ RUN npm install @11ty/eleventy \
    markdown-it-anchor \
    markdown-it-replace-link
 COPY --from=borgmatic /etc/borgmatic/* /source/docs/_includes/borgmatic/
+COPY --from=borgmatic /etc/borgmatic/options.json /source/docs/reference/configuration/index.json
 COPY --from=borgmatic /command-line/* /source/docs/_includes/borgmatic/command-line/
 COPY --from=borgmatic /contributors.html /source/docs/_includes/borgmatic/contributors.html
 COPY . /source
-RUN NODE_ENV=${ENVIRONMENT} npx eleventy --input=/source/docs --output=/output
+RUN NODE_ENV=${ENVIRONMENT} PORT=${PORT} FONT=${FONT} npx eleventy --input=/source/docs --output=/output
 RUN npx -y pagefind --site /output

 FROM docker.io/nginx:1.26.1-alpine
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 module.exports = function() {
    return {
-        environment: process.env.NODE_ENV || "development"
+        environment: process.env.NODE_ENV || "development",
+        port: process.env.PORT || 8080,
+        font: process.env.FONT || "custom"
    };
 };
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More