Bump version.

Update help/README about --create --json.
Fix check_archives does not take json parameter.
2026-07-22 18:13:02 +02:00 · 2018-09-27 08:13:23 -07:00 · 2018-09-27 08:12:54 -07:00 · 2018-09-27 08:09:23 -07:00 · 2018-09-27 12:21:14 +02:00 · 2018-09-26 21:32:28 -07:00
51 changed files with 3371 additions and 944 deletions
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 *.egg-info
 *.pyc
 *.swp
+.cache
+.coverage
+.pytest_cache
 .tox
 build
 dist
@@ -1,9 +0,0 @@
-syntax: glob
-*.egg-info
-*.pyc
-*.swp
-.cache
-.coverage
-.tox
-build
-dist
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-467d3a3ce9185e84ee51ca9156499162efd94f9a 0.0.2
-7730ae34665c0dedf46deab90b32780abf6dbaff 0.0.3
-4bb2e81fc77038be4499b7ea6797ab7d109460e0 0.0.4
-b31d51b633701554e84f996cc0c73bad2990780b 0.0.5
-b31d51b633701554e84f996cc0c73bad2990780b 0.0.5
-aa8a807f4ba28f0652764ed14713ffea2fd6922d 0.0.5
-aa8a807f4ba28f0652764ed14713ffea2fd6922d 0.0.5
-569aef47a9b25c55b13753f94706f5d330219995 0.0.5
-569aef47a9b25c55b13753f94706f5d330219995 0.0.5
-a03495a8e8b471da63b5e2ae79d3ff9065839c2a 0.0.5
-7ea93ca83f426ec0a608a68580c72c0775b81f86 0.0.6
-cf4c7065f0711deda1cba878398bc05390e2c3f9 0.0.7
-38d72677343f0a5d6845f4ac50d6778397083d45 0.1.0
-ac5dfa01e9d14d09845f5e94c2c679e21c5eb2f9 0.1.1
-ac5dfa01e9d14d09845f5e94c2c679e21c5eb2f9 0.1.1
-7b6c87dca7ea312b2257ac1b46857b3f8c56b39c 0.1.1
-83067f995dd391e38544a7722dc3b254b59c5521 0.1.2
-acc7fb61566fe8028c179f43ecc735c851220b06 0.1.3
-6dda59c12de88f060eb7244e6d330173985a9639 0.1.4
-6dda59c12de88f060eb7244e6d330173985a9639 0.1.4
-e58246fc92bb22c2b2fd8b86a1227de69d2d0315 0.1.4
-0afff209b902698c2266986129d6dc9f5f913101 0.1.5
-4c63f3d90ec2bf6af1714a3acec84654a7c9edf3 0.1.6
-5a458ebef804be14e30d7375e3e9fbc26aedb80d 0.1.7
-977f19c2f6a515be6c5ef69cf17b0e0989532209 github/yaml_config_files
-0000000000000000000000000000000000000000 github/yaml_config_files
-28434dd0440cc8da44c2f3e9bd7e9402a59c3b40 github/master
-dbc96d3f83bd5570b6826537616d4160b3374836 0.1.8
-0e1fbee9358de4f062fa9539e1355db83db70caa 1.0.0
-de2d7721cdec93a52d20222a9ddd579ed93c1017 1.0.1
-9603d13910b32d57a887765cab694ac5d0acc1f4 1.0.2
-32c6341dda9fad77a3982641bce8a3a45821842e 1.0.3
-5a003056a8ff4709c5bd4d6d33354199423f8a1d 1.1.0
-7d3d11eff6c0773883c48f221431f157bc7995eb 1.1.1
@@ -1,5 +1,12 @@
 Dan Helfman <witten@torsion.org>: Main developer

 Alexander Görtz: Python 3 compatibility
+Florian Lindner: Logging rewrite
 Henning Schroeder: Copy editing
+Johannes Feichtner: Support for user hooks
+Michele Lazzeri: Custom archive names
+Nick Whyte: Support prefix filtering for archive consistency checks
+newtonne: Read encryption password from external file
 Robin `ypid` Schneider: Support additional options of Borg
+Scott Squires: Custom archive names
+Thomas LÉVEIL: Support for a keep_minutely prune option. Support for the --json option
@@ -1,10 +1,138 @@
+1.2.4
+ * Fix for archive checking traceback due to parameter mismatch.
+
+1.2.3
+ * #64, #90, #92: Rewrite of logging system. Now verbosity flags passed to Borg are derived from
+   borgmatic's log level. Note that the output of borgmatic might slightly change.
+ * Part of #80: Support for Borg create --read-special via "read_special" option in borgmatic's
+   location configuration.
+ * #87: Support for Borg create --checkpoint-interval via "checkpoint_interval" option in
+   borgmatic's storage configuration.
+ * #88: Fix declared pykwalify compatibility version range in setup.py to prevent use of ancient
+   versions of pykwalify with large version numbers.
+ * #89: Pass --show-rc option to Borg when at highest verbosity level.
+ * #94: Support for Borg --json option via borgmatic command-line to --create archives.
+
+1.2.2
+ * #85: Fix compatibility issue between pykwalify and ruamel.yaml 0.15.52, which manifested in
+   borgmatic as a pykwalify RuleError.
+
+1.2.1
+ * Skip before/after backup hooks when only doing --prune, --check, --list, and/or --info.
+ * #71: Support for XDG_CONFIG_HOME environment variable for specifying alternate user ~/.config/
+   path.
+ * #74, #83: Support for Borg --json option via borgmatic command-line to --list archives or show
+   archive --info in JSON format, ideal for programmatic consumption.
+ * #38, #76: Upgrade ruamel.yaml compatibility version range and fix support for Python 3.7.
+ * #77: Skip non-"*.yaml" config filenames in /etc/borgmatic.d/ so as not to parse backup files,
+   editor swap files, etc.
+ * #81: Document user-defined hooks run before/after backup, or on error.
+ * Add code style guidelines to the documention.
+
+1.2.0
+ * #61: Support for Borg --list option via borgmatic command-line to list all archives.
+ * #61: Support for Borg --info option via borgmatic command-line to display summary information.
+ * #62: Update README to mention other ways of installing borgmatic.
+ * Support for Borg --prefix option for consistency checks via "prefix" option in borgmatic's
+   consistency configuration.
+ * Add introductory screencast link to documentation.
+ * #59: Ignore "check_last" and consistency "prefix" when "archives" not in consistency checks.
+ * #60: Add "Persistent" flag to systemd timer example.
+ * #63: Support for Borg --nobsdflags option to skip recording bsdflags (e.g. NODUMP, IMMUTABLE) in
+   archive.
+ * #69: Support for Borg prune --umask option using value of existing "umask" option in borgmatic's
+   storage configuration.
+ * Update tox.ini to only assume Python 3.x instead of Python 3.4 specifically.
+ * Add ~/.config/borgmatic/config.yaml to default configuration path probing.
+ * Document how to develop on and contribute to borgmatic.
+
+1.1.15
+ * Support for Borg BORG_PASSCOMMAND environment variable to read a password from an external file.
+ * Fix for Borg create error when using borgmatic's --dry-run and --verbosity options together.
+   Work-around for behavior introduced in Borg 1.1.3: https://github.com/borgbackup/borg/issues/3298
+ * #55: Fix for missing tags/releases on Gitea and GitHub project hosting.
+ * #56: Support for Borg --lock-wait option for the maximum wait for a repository/cache lock.
+ * #58: Support for using tilde in exclude_patterns to reference home directory.
+
+1.1.14
+ * #49: Fix for typo in --patterns-from option.
+ * #47: Support for Borg --dry-run option via borgmatic command-line.
+
+1.1.13
+ * #54: Fix for incorrect consistency check flags passed to Borg when all three checks ("repository",
+   "archives", and "extract") are specified in borgmatic configuration.
+ * #48: Add "local_path" to configuration for specifying an alternative Borg executable path.
+ * #49: Support for Borg experimental --patterns-from and --patterns options for specifying mixed
+   includes/excludes.
+ * Moved issue tracker from Taiga to integrated Gitea tracker at
+   https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/issues
+
+1.1.12
+ * #46: Declare dependency on pykwalify 1.6 or above, as older versions yield "Unknown key: version"
+   rule errors.
+ * Support for Borg --keep-minutely prune option.
+
+1.1.11
+ * #26: Add "ssh_command" to configuration for specifying a custom SSH command or options.
+ * Fix for incorrect /etc/borgmatic.d/ configuration path probing on macOS. This problem manifested
+   as an error on startup: "[Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/etc/borgmatic.d'".
+
+1.1.10
+ * Pass several Unix signals through to child processes like Borg. This means that Borg now properly
+   shuts down if borgmatic is terminated (e.g. due to a system suspend).
+ * #30: Support for using tilde in repository paths to reference home directory.
+ * #43: Support for Borg --files-cache option for setting the files cache operation mode.
+ * #45: Support for Borg --remote-ratelimit option for limiting upload rate.
+ * Log invoked Borg commands when at highest verbosity level.
+
+1.1.9
+ * #17, #39: Support for user-defined hooks before/after backup, or on error.
+ * #34: Improve clarity of logging spew at high verbosity levels.
+ * #30: Support for using tilde in source directory path to reference home directory.
+ * Require "prefix" in retention section when "archive_name_format" is set. This is to avoid
+   accidental pruning of archives with a different archive name format. For similar reasons, default
+   "prefix" to "{hostname}-" if not specified.
+ * Convert main source repository from Mercurial to Git.
+ * Update dead links to Borg documentation.
+
+1.1.8
+ * #40: Fix to make /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml optional rather than required when using the default
+   config paths.
+
+1.1.7
+
+ * #29: Add "archive_name_format" to configuration for customizing archive names.
+ * Fix for traceback when "exclude_from" value is empty in configuration file.
+ * When pruning, make highest verbosity level list archives kept and pruned.
+ * Clarification of Python 3 pip usage in documentation.
+
+1.1.6
+
+ * #13, #36: Support for Borg --exclude-from, --exclude-caches, and --exclude-if-present options.
+
+1.1.5
+
+ * #35: New "extract" consistency check that performs a dry-run extraction of the most recent
+   archive.
+
+1.1.4
+
+ * #18: Added command-line flags for performing a borgmatic run with only pruning, creating, or
+   checking enabled. This supports use cases like running consistency checks from a different cron
+   job with a different frequency, or running pruning with a different verbosity level.
+
+1.1.3
+
+ * #15: Support for running multiple config files in /etc/borgmatic.d/ from a single borgmatic run.
+ * Fix for generate-borgmatic-config writing config with invalid one_file_system value.
+
 1.1.2

- * #32: Fix for passing check_last as integer to subprocess when calling Borg.
+ * #33: Fix for passing check_last as integer to subprocess when calling Borg.

 1.1.1

- * Part of #32: Fix for upgrade-borgmatic-config converting check_last option as a string instead of
+ * Part of #33: Fix for upgrade-borgmatic-config converting check_last option as a string instead of
   an integer.
 * Fix for upgrade-borgmatic-config erroring when consistency checks option is not present.

@@ -13,8 +141,8 @@
 * Switched config file format to YAML. Run upgrade-borgmatic-config to upgrade.
 * Added generate-borgmatic-config command for initial config creation.
 * Dropped Python 2 support. Now Python 3 only.
- * #18: Fix for README mention of sample files not included in package.
- * #22: Sample files for triggering borgmatic from a systemd timer.
+ * #19: Fix for README mention of sample files not included in package.
+ * #23: Sample files for triggering borgmatic from a systemd timer.
 * Support for backing up to multiple repositories.
 * To free up space, now pruning backups prior to creating a new backup.
 * Enabled test coverage output during tox runs.
@@ -22,15 +150,15 @@

 1.0.3

- * #21: Fix for verbosity flag not actually causing verbose output.
+ * #22: Fix for verbosity flag not actually causing verbose output.

 1.0.2

- * #20: Fix for traceback when remote_path option is missing.
+ * #21: Fix for traceback when remote_path option is missing.

 1.0.1

- * #19: Support for Borg's --remote-path option to use an alternate Borg
+ * #20: Support for Borg's --remote-path option to use an alternate Borg
   executable. See sample/config.

 1.0.0
@@ -52,13 +180,13 @@

 0.1.7

- * #11: Fixed parsing of punctuation in configuration file.
+ * #12: Fixed parsing of punctuation in configuration file.
 * Better error message when configuration file is missing.

 0.1.6

- * #9: New configuration option for the encryption passphrase.
- * #10: Support for Borg's new archive compression feature.
+ * #10: New configuration option for the encryption passphrase.
+ * #11: Support for Borg's new archive compression feature.

 0.1.5

@@ -70,7 +198,7 @@

 0.1.3

- * #1: Add support for "borg check --last N" to Borg backend.
+ * #2: Add support for "borg check --last N" to Borg backend.

 0.1.2

@@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
+---
 title: borgmatic
-
-<img src="static/borgmatic.svg" alt="borgmatic logo" style="width: 8em; float: right; padding-left: 1em;" />
-
+permalink: borgmatic/index.html
+---
 ## Overview

-borgmatic (formerly atticmatic) is a simple Python wrapper script for the
-[Borg](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/) backup software that
-initiates a backup, prunes any old backups according to a retention policy,
-and validates backups for consistency. The script supports specifying your
-settings in a declarative configuration file rather than having to put them
-all on the command-line, and handles common errors.
+<img src="https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/raw/branch/master/static/borgmatic.png" width="150px" style="float: right; padding-left: 1em;">
+
+borgmatic is a simple Python wrapper script for the
+[Borg](https://www.borgbackup.org/) backup software that initiates a backup,
+prunes any old backups according to a retention policy, and validates backups
+for consistency. The script supports specifying your settings in a declarative
+configuration file rather than having to put them all on the command-line, and
+handles common errors.

 Here's an example config file:

@@ -43,50 +45,136 @@ consistency:
 ```

 borgmatic is hosted at <https://torsion.org/borgmatic> with [source code
-available](https://torsion.org/hg/borgmatic). It's also mirrored on
-[GitHub](https://github.com/witten/borgmatic) and
-[BitBucket](https://bitbucket.org/dhelfman/borgmatic) for convenience.
+available](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic). It's also mirrored
+on [GitHub](https://github.com/witten/borgmatic) for convenience.
+
+<a href="https://asciinema.org/a/164143" target="_blank"><img src="https://asciinema.org/a/164143.png" width="100%" /></a>


 ## Installation

 To get up and running, follow the [Borg Quick
 Start](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/latest/quickstart.html) to create
-a repository on a local or remote host. Note that if you plan to run
-borgmatic on a schedule with cron, and you encrypt your Borg repository with
-a passphrase instead of a key file, you'll need to set the borgmatic
-`encryption_passphrase` configuration variable. See the repository encryption
-section of the Quick Start for more info.
+a repository on a local or remote host. Note that if you plan to run borgmatic
+on a schedule with cron, and you encrypt your Borg repository with a
+passphrase instead of a key file, you'll either need to set the borgmatic
+`encryption_passphrase` configuration variable or set the `BORG_PASSPHRASE`
+environment variable. See the [repository encryption
+section](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quickstart.html#repository-encryption)
+of the Quick Start for more info.
+
+Alternatively, the passphrase can be specified programatically by setting
+either the borgmatic `encryption_passcommand` configuration variable or the
+`BORG_PASSCOMMAND` environment variable. See the [Borg Security
+FAQ](http://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#how-can-i-specify-the-encryption-passphrase-programmatically)
+for more info.

 If the repository is on a remote host, make sure that your local root user has
 key-based ssh access to the desired user account on the remote host.

 To install borgmatic, run the following command to download and install it:

-    sudo pip install --upgrade borgmatic
+```bash
+sudo pip3 install --upgrade borgmatic
+```

-Make sure you're using Python 3, as borgmatic does not support Python 2. (You
-may have to use "pip3" or similar instead of "pip".)
+Note that your pip binary may have a different name than "pip3". Make sure
+you're using Python 3, as borgmatic does not support Python 2.

-Then, generate a sample configuration file:
+### Other ways to install

-    sudo generate-borgmatic-config
+ * [A borgmatic Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/b3vis/borgmatic/) based
+   on Alpine Linux.
+ * [Another borgmatic Docker image](https://hub.docker.com/r/coaxial/borgmatic/) based
+   on Alpine Linux, updated automatically whenever the Alpine image updates.
+ * [A borgmatic package for
+   Fedora](https://bodhi.fedoraproject.org/updates/?search=borgmatic).
+ * [A borgmatic package for Arch
+   Linux](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/borgmatic/).
+ * [A borgmatic package for OpenBSD](http://ports.su/sysutils/borgmatic).
+<br><br>
+
+## Configuration
+
+After you install borgmatic, generate a sample configuration file:
+
+```bash
+sudo generate-borgmatic-config
+```
+
+If that command is not found, then it may be installed in a location that's
+not in your system `PATH`. Try looking in `/usr/local/bin/`.

 This generates a sample configuration file at /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml (by
 default). You should edit the file to suit your needs, as the values are just
 representative. All fields are optional except where indicated, so feel free
 to remove anything you don't need.

+You can also have a look at the [full configuration
+schema](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/src/master/borgmatic/config/schema.yaml)
+for the authoritative set of all configuration options. This is handy if
+borgmatic has added new options since you originally created your
+configuration file.
+
+
+### Multiple configuration files
+
+A more advanced usage is to create multiple separate configuration files and
+place each one in an /etc/borgmatic.d directory. For instance:
+
+```bash
+sudo mkdir /etc/borgmatic.d
+sudo generate-borgmatic-config --destination /etc/borgmatic.d/app1.yaml
+sudo generate-borgmatic-config --destination /etc/borgmatic.d/app2.yaml
+```
+
+With this approach, you can have entirely different backup policies for
+different applications on your system. For instance, you may want one backup
+configuration for your database data directory, and a different configuration
+for your user home directories.
+
+When you set up multiple configuration files like this, borgmatic will run
+each one in turn from a single borgmatic invocation. This includes, by
+default, the traditional /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml as well.
+
+And if you need even more customizability, you can specify alternate
+configuration paths on the command-line with borgmatic's `--config` option.
+See `borgmatic --help` for more information.
+
+
+### Hooks
+
+If you find yourself performing prepraration tasks before your backup runs, or
+cleanup work afterwards, borgmatic hooks may be of interest. They're simply
+shell commands that borgmatic executes for you at various points, and they're
+configured in the `hooks` section of your configuration file.
+
+For instance, you can specify `before_backup` hooks to dump a database to file
+before backing it up, and specify `after_backup` hooks to delete the temporary
+file afterwards.
+
+borgmatic hooks run once per configuration file. `before_backup` hooks run
+prior to backups of all repositories. `after_backup` hooks run afterwards, but
+not if an error occurs in a previous hook or in the backups themselves. And
+borgmatic runs `on_error` hooks if an error occurs.
+
+An important security note about hooks: borgmatic executes all hook commands
+with the user permissions of borgmatic itself. So to prevent potential shell
+injection or privilege escalation, do not forget to set secure permissions
+(`chmod 0700`) on borgmatic configuration files and scripts invoked by hooks.
+
+See the sample generated configuration file mentioned above for specifics
+about hook configuration syntax.
+

 ## Upgrading

 In general, all you should need to do to upgrade borgmatic is run the
 following:

-    sudo pip install --upgrade borgmatic
-
-(You may have to use "pip3" or similar instead of "pip", so Python 3 gets
-used.)
+```bash
+sudo pip3 install --upgrade borgmatic
+```

 However, see below about special cases.

@@ -96,18 +184,22 @@ However, see below about special cases.
 borgmatic changed its configuration file format in version 1.1.0 from
 INI-style to YAML. This better supports validation, and has a more natural way
 to express lists of values. To upgrade your existing configuration, first
-upgrade to the new version of borgmatic:
+upgrade to the new version of borgmatic.

 As of version 1.1.0, borgmatic no longer supports Python 2. If you were
 already running borgmatic with Python 3, then you can simply upgrade borgmatic
 in-place:

-    sudo pip install --upgrade borgmatic
+```bash
+sudo pip3 install --upgrade borgmatic
+```

 But if you were running borgmatic with Python 2, uninstall and reinstall instead:

-    sudo pip uninstall borgmatic
-    sudo pip3 install borgmatic
+```bash
+sudo pip uninstall borgmatic
+sudo pip3 install borgmatic
+```

 The pip binary names for different versions of Python can differ, so the above
 commands may need some tweaking to work on your machine.
@@ -115,7 +207,9 @@ commands may need some tweaking to work on your machine.

 Once borgmatic is upgraded, run:

-    sudo upgrade-borgmatic-config
+```bash
+sudo upgrade-borgmatic-config
+```

 That will generate a new YAML configuration file at /etc/borgmatic/config.yaml
 (by default) using the values from both your existing configuration and
@@ -137,8 +231,10 @@ your borgmatic configuration files.
 If you were already using Borg with atticmatic, then you can easily upgrade
 from atticmatic to borgmatic. Simply run the following commands:

-    sudo pip uninstall atticmatic
-    sudo pip install borgmatic
+```bash
+sudo pip3 uninstall atticmatic
+sudo pip3 install borgmatic
+```

 That's it! borgmatic will continue using your /etc/borgmatic configuration
 files.
@@ -149,24 +245,69 @@ files.
 You can run borgmatic and start a backup simply by invoking it without
 arguments:

-    borgmatic
+```bash
+borgmatic
+```

 This will also prune any old backups as per the configured retention policy,
 and check backups for consistency problems due to things like file damage.

+If you'd like to see the available command-line arguments, view the help:
+
+```bash
+borgmatic --help
+```
+
+Note that borgmatic prunes archives *before* creating an archive, so as to
+free up space for archiving. This means that when a borgmatic run finishes,
+there may still be prune-able archives. Not to worry, as they will get cleaned
+up at the start of the next run.
+
+### Verbosity
+
 By default, the backup will proceed silently except in the case of errors. But
 if you'd like to to get additional information about the progress of the
 backup as it proceeds, use the verbosity option:

-    borgmatic --verbosity 1
+```bash
+borgmatic --verbosity 1
+```

 Or, for even more progress spew:

-    borgmatic --verbosity 2
+```bash
+borgmatic --verbosity 2
+```

-If you'd like to see the available command-line arguments, view the help:
+### À la carte

-    borgmatic --help
+If you want to run borgmatic with only pruning, creating, or checking enabled,
+the following optional flags are available:
+
+```bash
+borgmatic --prune
+borgmatic --create
+borgmatic --check
+```
+
+You can run with only one of these flags provided, or you can mix and match
+any number of them. This supports use cases like running consistency checks
+from a different cron job with a different frequency, or running pruning with
+a different verbosity level.
+
+Additionally, borgmatic provides convenient flags for Borg's
+[list](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/list.html) and
+[info](https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/info.html)
+functionality:
+
+
+```bash
+borgmatic --list
+borgmatic --info
+```
+
+You can include an optional `--json` flag with `--create`, `--list`, or
+`--info` to get the output formatted as JSON.


 ## Autopilot
@@ -177,11 +318,13 @@ configure a job runner to invoke it periodically.
 ### cron

 If you're using cron, download the [sample cron
-file](https://torsion.org/hg/borgmatic/raw-file/tip/sample/cron/borgmatic).
+file](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/src/master/sample/cron/borgmatic).
 Then, from the directory where you downloaded it:

-    sudo mv borgmatic /etc/cron.d/borgmatic
-    sudo chmod +x /etc/cron.d/borgmatic
+```bash
+sudo mv borgmatic /etc/cron.d/borgmatic
+sudo chmod +x /etc/cron.d/borgmatic
+```

 You can modify the cron file if you'd like to run borgmatic more or less frequently.

@@ -189,28 +332,106 @@ You can modify the cron file if you'd like to run borgmatic more or less frequen

 If you're using systemd instead of cron to run jobs, download the [sample
 systemd service
-file](https://torsion.org/hg/borgmatic/raw-file/tip/sample/systemd/borgmatic.service)
+file](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/src/master/sample/systemd/borgmatic.service)
 and the [sample systemd timer
-file](https://torsion.org/hg/borgmatic/raw-file/tip/sample/systemd/borgmatic.timer).
+file](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/src/master/sample/systemd/borgmatic.timer).
 Then, from the directory where you downloaded them:

-    sudo mv borgmatic.service borgmatic.timer /etc/systemd/system/
-    sudo systemctl enable borgmatic.timer
-    sudo systemctl start borgmatic.timer
+```bash
+sudo mv borgmatic.service borgmatic.timer /etc/systemd/system/
+sudo systemctl enable borgmatic.timer
+sudo systemctl start borgmatic.timer
+```

 Feel free to modify the timer file based on how frequently you'd like
 borgmatic to run.


-## Running tests
+## Support and contributing

-First install tox, which is used for setting up testing environments:
+### Issues

-    pip install tox
+You've got issues? Or an idea for a feature enhancement? We've got an [issue
+tracker](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/issues). In order to
+create a new issue or comment on an issue, you'll need to [login
+first](https://projects.torsion.org/user/login). Note that you can login with
+an existing GitHub account if you prefer.

-Then, to actually run tests, run:
+Other questions or comments? Contact <mailto:witten@torsion.org>.

-    tox
+
+### Contributing
+
+If you'd like to contribute to borgmatic development, please feel free to
+submit a [Pull Request](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/pulls)
+or open an [issue](https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic/issues) first
+to discuss your idea. We also accept Pull Requests on GitHub, if that's more
+your thing. In general, contributions are very welcome. We don't bite! 
+
+
+### Code style
+
+Start with [PEP 8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/). But then, apply
+the following deviations from it:
+
+ * For strings, prefer single quotes over double quotes.
+ * Limit all lines to a maximum of 100 characters.
+ * Use trailing commas within multiline values or argument lists.
+ * For multiline constructs, put opening and closing delimeters on lines
+   separate from their contents.
+ * Within multiline constructs, use standard four-space indentation. Don't align
+   indentation with an opening delimeter.
+
+
+### Development
+
+To get set up to hack on borgmatic, first clone master via HTTPS or SSH:
+
+```bash
+git clone https://projects.torsion.org/witten/borgmatic.git
+```
+
+Or:
+
+```bash
+git clone ssh://git@projects.torsion.org:3022/witten/borgmatic.git
+```
+
+Then, install borgmatic
+"[editable](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/reference/pip_install/#editable-installs)"
+so that you can easily run borgmatic commands while you're hacking on them to
+make sure your changes work.
+
+```bash
+cd borgmatic/
+pip3 install --editable --user .
+```
+
+Note that this will typically install the borgmatic commands into
+`~/.local/bin`, which may or may not be on your PATH. There are other ways to
+install borgmatic editable as well, for instance into the system Python
+install (so without `--user`, as root), or even into a
+[virtualenv](https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/stable/). How or where you install
+borgmatic is up to you, but generally an editable install makes development
+and testing easier.
+
+
+### Running tests
+
+Assuming you've cloned the borgmatic source code as described above, and
+you're in the `borgmatic/` working copy, install tox, which is used for
+setting up testing environments:
+
+```bash
+sudo pip3 install tox
+```
+
+Finally, to actually run tests, run:
+
+```bash
+cd borgmatic
+tox
+```


 ## Troubleshooting
@@ -221,14 +442,18 @@ When running borgmatic on a large remote repository, you may receive errors
 like the following, particularly while "borg check" is validating backups for
 consistency:

+```text
    Write failed: Broken pipe
    borg: Error: Connection closed by remote host
+```

 This error can be caused by an ssh timeout, which you can rectify by adding
 the following to the ~/.ssh/config file on the client:

+```text
    Host *
        ServerAliveInterval 120
+```

 This should make the client keep the connection alive while validating
 backups.
@@ -243,13 +468,3 @@ YAML library. If so, not to worry. borgmatic should install and function
 correctly even without the C YAML library. And borgmatic won't be any faster
 with the C library present, so you don't need to go out of your way to install
 it.
-
-
-## Issues and feedback
-
-Got an issue or an idea for a feature enhancement? Check out the [borgmatic
-issue tracker](https://tree.taiga.io/project/witten-borgmatic/issues?page=1&status=399951,399952,399955). In
-order to create a new issue or comment on an issue, you'll need to [login
-first](https://tree.taiga.io/login).
-
-Other questions or comments? Contact <mailto:witten@torsion.org>.
@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
-from datetime import datetime
-import glob
-import itertools
-import os
-import platform
-import re
-import subprocess
-import tempfile
-
-from borgmatic.verbosity import VERBOSITY_SOME, VERBOSITY_LOTS
-
-
-# Integration with Borg for actually handling backups.
-
-
-COMMAND = 'borg'
-
-
-def initialize(storage_config, command=COMMAND):
-    passphrase = storage_config.get('encryption_passphrase')
-
-    if passphrase:
-        os.environ['{}_PASSPHRASE'.format(command.upper())] = passphrase
-
-
-def _write_exclude_file(exclude_patterns=None):
-    '''
-    Given a sequence of exclude patterns, write them to a named temporary file and return it. Return
-    None if no patterns are provided.
-    '''
-    if not exclude_patterns:
-        return None
-
-    exclude_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w')
-    exclude_file.write('\n'.join(exclude_patterns))
-    exclude_file.flush()
-
-    return exclude_file
-
-
-def create_archive(
-    verbosity, repository, location_config, storage_config, command=COMMAND,
-):
-    '''
-    Given a vebosity flag, a storage config dict, a list of source directories, a local or remote
-    repository path, a list of exclude patterns, and a command to run, create an attic archive.
-    '''
-    sources = tuple(
-        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
-            glob.glob(directory) or [directory]
-            for directory in location_config['source_directories']
-        )
-    )
-
-    exclude_file = _write_exclude_file(location_config.get('exclude_patterns'))
-    exclude_flags = ('--exclude-from', exclude_file.name) if exclude_file else ()
-    compression = storage_config.get('compression', None)
-    compression_flags = ('--compression', compression) if compression else ()
-    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
-    umask_flags = ('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ()
-    one_file_system_flags = ('--one-file-system',) if location_config.get('one_file_system') else ()
-    remote_path = location_config.get('remote_path')
-    remote_path_flags = ('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ()
-    verbosity_flags = {
-        VERBOSITY_SOME: ('--info', '--stats',),
-        VERBOSITY_LOTS: ('--debug', '--list', '--stats'),
-    }.get(verbosity, ())
-
-    full_command = (
-        command, 'create',
-        '{repo}::{hostname}-{timestamp}'.format(
-            repo=repository,
-            hostname=platform.node(),
-            timestamp=datetime.now().isoformat(),
-        ),
-    ) + sources + exclude_flags + compression_flags + one_file_system_flags + \
-        remote_path_flags + umask_flags + verbosity_flags
-
-    subprocess.check_call(full_command)
-
-
-def _make_prune_flags(retention_config):
-    '''
-    Given a retention config dict mapping from option name to value, tranform it into an iterable of
-    command-line name-value flag pairs.
-
-    For example, given a retention config of:
-
-        {'keep_weekly': 4, 'keep_monthly': 6}
-
-    This will be returned as an iterable of:
-
-        (
-            ('--keep-weekly', '4'),
-            ('--keep-monthly', '6'),
-        )
-    '''
-    return (
-        ('--' + option_name.replace('_', '-'), str(retention_config[option_name]))
-        for option_name, value in retention_config.items()
-    )
-
-
-def prune_archives(verbosity, repository, retention_config, command=COMMAND, remote_path=None):
-    '''
-    Given a verbosity flag, a local or remote repository path, a retention config dict, and a
-    command to run, prune attic archives according the the retention policy specified in that
-    configuration.
-    '''
-    remote_path_flags = ('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ()
-    verbosity_flags = {
-        VERBOSITY_SOME: ('--info', '--stats',),
-        VERBOSITY_LOTS: ('--debug', '--stats'),
-    }.get(verbosity, ())
-
-    full_command = (
-        command, 'prune',
-        repository,
-    ) + tuple(
-        element
-        for pair in _make_prune_flags(retention_config)
-        for element in pair
-    ) + remote_path_flags + verbosity_flags
-
-    subprocess.check_call(full_command)
-
-
-DEFAULT_CHECKS = ('repository', 'archives')
-
-
-def _parse_checks(consistency_config):
-    '''
-    Given a consistency config with a "checks" list, transform it to a tuple of named checks to run.
-
-    For example, given a retention config of:
-
-        {'checks': ['repository', 'archives']}
-
-    This will be returned as:
-
-        ('repository', 'archives')
-
-    If no "checks" option is present, return the DEFAULT_CHECKS. If the checks value is the string
-    "disabled", return an empty tuple, meaning that no checks should be run.
-    '''
-    checks = consistency_config.get('checks', [])
-    if checks == ['disabled']:
-        return ()
-
-    return tuple(check for check in checks if check.lower() not in ('disabled', '')) or DEFAULT_CHECKS
-
-
-def _make_check_flags(checks, check_last=None):
-    '''
-    Given a parsed sequence of checks, transform it into tuple of command-line flags.
-
-    For example, given parsed checks of:
-
-        ('repository',)
-
-    This will be returned as:
-
-        ('--repository-only',)
-
-    Additionally, if a check_last value is given, a "--last" flag will be added.
-    '''
-    last_flag = ('--last', str(check_last)) if check_last else ()
-    if checks == DEFAULT_CHECKS:
-        return last_flag
-
-    return tuple(
-        '--{}-only'.format(check) for check in checks
-    ) + last_flag
-
-
-def check_archives(verbosity, repository, consistency_config, command=COMMAND, remote_path=None):
-    '''
-    Given a verbosity flag, a local or remote repository path, a consistency config dict, and a
-    command to run, check the contained attic archives for consistency.
-
-    If there are no consistency checks to run, skip running them.
-    '''
-    checks = _parse_checks(consistency_config)
-    check_last = consistency_config.get('check_last', None)
-    if not checks:
-        return
-
-    remote_path_flags = ('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ()
-    verbosity_flags = {
-        VERBOSITY_SOME: ('--info',),
-        VERBOSITY_LOTS: ('--debug',),
-    }.get(verbosity, ())
-
-    full_command = (
-        command, 'check',
-        repository,
-    ) + _make_check_flags(checks, check_last) + remote_path_flags + verbosity_flags
-
-    # The check command spews to stdout/stderr even without the verbose flag. Suppress it.
-    stdout = None if verbosity_flags else open(os.devnull, 'w')
-
-    subprocess.check_call(full_command, stdout=stdout, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+import logging
+import os
+import subprocess
+
+from borgmatic.borg import extract
+
+
+DEFAULT_CHECKS = ('repository', 'archives')
+DEFAULT_PREFIX = '{hostname}-'
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _parse_checks(consistency_config):
+    '''
+    Given a consistency config with a "checks" list, transform it to a tuple of named checks to run.
+
+    For example, given a retention config of:
+
+        {'checks': ['repository', 'archives']}
+
+    This will be returned as:
+
+        ('repository', 'archives')
+
+    If no "checks" option is present, return the DEFAULT_CHECKS. If the checks value is the string
+    "disabled", return an empty tuple, meaning that no checks should be run.
+    '''
+    checks = consistency_config.get('checks', [])
+    if checks == ['disabled']:
+        return ()
+
+    return tuple(check for check in checks if check.lower() not in ('disabled', '')) or DEFAULT_CHECKS
+
+
+def _make_check_flags(checks, check_last=None, prefix=None):
+    '''
+    Given a parsed sequence of checks, transform it into tuple of command-line flags.
+
+    For example, given parsed checks of:
+
+        ('repository',)
+
+    This will be returned as:
+
+        ('--repository-only',)
+
+    However, if both "repository" and "archives" are in checks, then omit them from the returned
+    flags because Borg does both checks by default.
+
+    Additionally, if a check_last value is given and "archives" is in checks, then include a
+    "--last" flag. And if a prefix value is given and "archives" is in checks, then include a
+    "--prefix" flag.
+    '''
+    if 'archives' in checks:
+        last_flags = ('--last', str(check_last)) if check_last else ()
+        prefix_flags = ('--prefix', prefix) if prefix else ('--prefix', DEFAULT_PREFIX)
+    else:
+        last_flags = ()
+        prefix_flags = ()
+        if check_last:
+            logger.warn('Ignoring check_last option, as "archives" is not in consistency checks.')
+        if prefix:
+            logger.warn('Ignoring consistency prefix option, as "archives" is not in consistency checks.')
+        
+    if set(DEFAULT_CHECKS).issubset(set(checks)):
+        return last_flags + prefix_flags
+
+    return tuple(
+        '--{}-only'.format(check) for check in checks
+        if check in DEFAULT_CHECKS
+    ) + last_flags + prefix_flags
+
+
+def check_archives(repository, storage_config, consistency_config, local_path='borg', remote_path=None):
+    '''
+    Given a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, a consistency config dict, 
+    and a local/remote commands to run, check the contained Borg archives for consistency.
+
+    If there are no consistency checks to run, skip running them.
+    '''
+    checks = _parse_checks(consistency_config)
+    check_last = consistency_config.get('check_last', None)
+    lock_wait = None
+
+    if set(checks).intersection(set(DEFAULT_CHECKS)):
+        remote_path_flags = ('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ()
+        lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
+        lock_wait_flags = ('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ()
+
+        verbosity_flags = ()
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
+            verbosity_flags = ('--info',)
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+            verbosity_flags = ('--debug', '--show-rc')
+
+        prefix = consistency_config.get('prefix')
+
+        full_command = (
+            local_path, 'check',
+            repository,
+        ) + _make_check_flags(checks, check_last, prefix) + remote_path_flags + lock_wait_flags + verbosity_flags
+
+        # The check command spews to stdout/stderr even without the verbose flag. Suppress it.
+        stdout = None if verbosity_flags else open(os.devnull, 'w')
+
+        logger.debug(' '.join(full_command))
+        subprocess.check_call(full_command, stdout=stdout, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+
+    if 'extract' in checks:
+        extract.extract_last_archive_dry_run(repository, lock_wait, local_path, remote_path)
@@ -0,0 +1,160 @@
+import glob
+import itertools
+import logging
+import os
+import subprocess
+import tempfile
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def initialize_environment(storage_config):
+    passcommand = storage_config.get('encryption_passcommand')
+    if passcommand:
+        os.environ['BORG_PASSCOMMAND'] = passcommand
+
+    passphrase = storage_config.get('encryption_passphrase')
+    if passphrase:
+        os.environ['BORG_PASSPHRASE'] = passphrase
+
+    ssh_command = storage_config.get('ssh_command')
+    if ssh_command:
+        os.environ['BORG_RSH'] = ssh_command
+
+
+def _expand_directory(directory):
+    '''
+    Given a directory path, expand any tilde (representing a user's home directory) and any globs
+    therein. Return a list of one or more resulting paths.
+    '''
+    expanded_directory = os.path.expanduser(directory)
+
+    return glob.glob(expanded_directory) or [expanded_directory]
+
+
+def _expand_directories(directories):
+    '''
+    Given a sequence of directory paths, expand tildes and globs in each one. Return all the
+    resulting directories as a single flattened tuple.
+    '''
+    if directories is None:
+        return ()
+
+    return tuple(
+        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            _expand_directory(directory)
+            for directory in directories
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _write_pattern_file(patterns=None):
+    '''
+    Given a sequence of patterns, write them to a named temporary file and return it. Return None
+    if no patterns are provided.
+    '''
+    if not patterns:
+        return None
+
+    pattern_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile('w')
+    pattern_file.write('\n'.join(patterns))
+    pattern_file.flush()
+
+    return pattern_file
+
+
+def _make_pattern_flags(location_config, pattern_filename=None):
+    '''
+    Given a location config dict with a potential pattern_from option, and a filename containing any
+    additional patterns, return the corresponding Borg flags for those files as a tuple.
+    '''
+    pattern_filenames = tuple(location_config.get('patterns_from') or ()) + (
+        (pattern_filename,) if pattern_filename else ()
+    )
+
+    return tuple(
+        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            ('--patterns-from', pattern_filename)
+            for pattern_filename in pattern_filenames
+        )
+    )
+
+
+def _make_exclude_flags(location_config, exclude_filename=None):
+    '''
+    Given a location config dict with various exclude options, and a filename containing any exclude
+    patterns, return the corresponding Borg flags as a tuple.
+    '''
+    exclude_filenames = tuple(location_config.get('exclude_from') or ()) + (
+        (exclude_filename,) if exclude_filename else ()
+    )
+    exclude_from_flags = tuple(
+        itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            ('--exclude-from', exclude_filename)
+            for exclude_filename in exclude_filenames
+        )
+    )
+    caches_flag = ('--exclude-caches',) if location_config.get('exclude_caches') else ()
+    if_present = location_config.get('exclude_if_present')
+    if_present_flags = ('--exclude-if-present', if_present) if if_present else ()
+
+    return exclude_from_flags + caches_flag + if_present_flags
+
+
+def create_archive(
+        dry_run, repository, location_config, storage_config, local_path='borg', remote_path=None, json=False):
+    '''
+    Given vebosity/dry-run flags, a local or remote repository path, a location config dict, and a
+    storage config dict, create a Borg archive.
+    '''
+    sources = _expand_directories(location_config['source_directories'])
+
+    pattern_file = _write_pattern_file(location_config.get('patterns'))
+    exclude_file = _write_pattern_file(_expand_directories(location_config.get('exclude_patterns')))
+    checkpoint_interval = storage_config.get('checkpoint_interval', None)
+    compression = storage_config.get('compression', None)
+    remote_rate_limit = storage_config.get('remote_rate_limit', None)
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
+    files_cache = location_config.get('files_cache')
+    default_archive_name_format = '{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}'
+    archive_name_format = storage_config.get('archive_name_format', default_archive_name_format)
+
+    full_command = (
+        (
+            local_path, 'create',
+            '{repository}::{archive_name_format}'.format(
+                repository=repository,
+                archive_name_format=archive_name_format,
+            ),
+        )
+        + sources
+        + _make_pattern_flags(
+            location_config,
+            pattern_file.name if pattern_file else None,
+        )
+        + _make_exclude_flags(
+            location_config,
+            exclude_file.name if exclude_file else None,
+        )
+        + (('--checkpoint-interval', str(checkpoint_interval)) if checkpoint_interval else ())
+        + (('--compression', compression) if compression else ())
+        + (('--remote-ratelimit', str(remote_rate_limit)) if remote_rate_limit else ())
+        + (('--one-file-system',) if location_config.get('one_file_system') else ())
+        + (('--read-special',) if location_config.get('read_special') else ())
+        + (('--nobsdflags',) if location_config.get('bsd_flags') is False else ())
+        + (('--files-cache', files_cache) if files_cache else ())
+        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
+        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
+        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
+        + (('--list', '--filter', 'AME',) if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO) else ())
+        + (( '--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
+        + (('--stats',) if not dry_run and logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO) else ())
+        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
+        + (('--dry-run',) if dry_run else ())
+        + (('--json',) if json else ())
+    )
+
+    logger.debug(' '.join(full_command))
+    subprocess.check_call(full_command)
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+import logging
+import sys
+import subprocess
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def extract_last_archive_dry_run(repository, lock_wait=None, local_path='borg', remote_path=None):
+    '''
+    Perform an extraction dry-run of just the most recent archive. If there are no archives, skip
+    the dry-run.
+    '''
+    remote_path_flags = ('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ()
+    lock_wait_flags = ('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ()
+    verbosity_flags = ()
+    if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+        verbosity_flags = ('--debug', '--show-rc')
+    elif logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO):
+        verbosity_flags = ('--info',)
+    
+
+    full_list_command = (
+        local_path, 'list',
+        '--short',
+        repository,
+    ) + remote_path_flags + lock_wait_flags + verbosity_flags
+
+    list_output = subprocess.check_output(full_list_command).decode(sys.stdout.encoding)
+
+    last_archive_name = list_output.strip().split('\n')[-1]
+    if not last_archive_name:
+        return
+
+    list_flag = ('--list',) if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ()
+    full_extract_command = (
+        local_path, 'extract',
+        '--dry-run',
+        '{repository}::{last_archive_name}'.format(
+            repository=repository,
+            last_archive_name=last_archive_name,
+        ),
+    ) + remote_path_flags + lock_wait_flags + verbosity_flags + list_flag
+
+    logger.debug(' '.join(full_extract_command))
+    subprocess.check_call(full_extract_command)
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import logging
+import subprocess
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def display_archives_info(repository, storage_config, local_path='borg', remote_path=None, json=False):
+    '''
+    Given a local or remote repository path, and a storage config dict,
+    display summary information for Borg archives in the repository.
+    '''
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
+
+    full_command = (
+        (local_path, 'info', repository)
+        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
+        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
+        + (('--info',)  if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
+        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
+        + (('--json',) if json else ())
+    )
+
+    logger.debug(' '.join(full_command))
+
+    output = subprocess.check_output(full_command)
+    return output.decode() if output is not None else None
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+import logging
+import subprocess
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def list_archives(repository, storage_config, local_path='borg', remote_path=None, json=False):
+    '''
+    Given a local or remote repository path, and a storage config dict,
+    list Borg archives in the repository.
+    '''
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
+
+    full_command = (
+        (local_path, 'list', repository)
+        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
+        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
+        + (('--info',)  if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO  else ())
+        + (('--debug', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
+        + (('--json',) if json else ())
+    )
+    logger.debug(' '.join(full_command))
+
+    output = subprocess.check_output(full_command)
+    return output.decode() if output is not None else None
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+import logging
+import subprocess
+
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _make_prune_flags(retention_config):
+    '''
+    Given a retention config dict mapping from option name to value, tranform it into an iterable of
+    command-line name-value flag pairs.
+
+    For example, given a retention config of:
+
+        {'keep_weekly': 4, 'keep_monthly': 6}
+
+    This will be returned as an iterable of:
+
+        (
+            ('--keep-weekly', '4'),
+            ('--keep-monthly', '6'),
+        )
+    '''
+    if not retention_config.get('prefix'):
+        retention_config['prefix'] = '{hostname}-'
+
+    return (
+        ('--' + option_name.replace('_', '-'), str(retention_config[option_name]))
+        for option_name, value in retention_config.items()
+    )
+
+
+def prune_archives(dry_run, repository, storage_config, retention_config, local_path='borg', remote_path=None):
+    '''
+    Given dry-run flag, a local or remote repository path, a storage config dict, and a
+    retention config dict, prune Borg archives according to the retention policy specified in that
+    configuration.
+    '''
+    umask = storage_config.get('umask', None)
+    lock_wait = storage_config.get('lock_wait', None)
+
+    full_command = (
+        (
+            local_path, 'prune',
+            repository,
+        ) + tuple(
+            element
+            for pair in _make_prune_flags(retention_config)
+            for element in pair
+        )
+        + (('--remote-path', remote_path) if remote_path else ())
+        + (('--umask', str(umask)) if umask else ())
+        + (('--lock-wait', str(lock_wait)) if lock_wait else ())
+        + (('--stats',) if not dry_run and logger.isEnabledFor(logging.INFO) else ())
+        + (( '--info',) if logger.getEffectiveLevel() == logging.INFO else ())
+        + (('--debug', '--list', '--show-rc') if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) else ())
+        + (('--dry-run',) if dry_run else ())
+    )
+
+    logger.debug(' '.join(full_command))
+    subprocess.check_call(full_command)
@@ -1,16 +1,22 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
+import json
+import logging
 import os
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 import sys

-from borgmatic import borg
-from borgmatic.config import convert, validate
+from borgmatic.borg import check as borg_check, create as borg_create, prune as borg_prune, \
+     list as borg_list, info as borg_info
+from borgmatic.commands import hook
+from borgmatic.config import collect, convert, validate
+from borgmatic.signals import configure_signals
+from borgmatic.verbosity import verbosity_to_log_level


-LEGACY_CONFIG_FILENAME = '/etc/borgmatic/config'
-DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILENAME = '/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml'
-DEFAULT_EXCLUDES_FILENAME = '/etc/borgmatic/excludes'
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+LEGACY_CONFIG_PATH = '/etc/borgmatic/config'


 def parse_arguments(*arguments):
@@ -18,49 +24,218 @@ def parse_arguments(*arguments):
    Given command-line arguments with which this script was invoked, parse the arguments and return
    them as an ArgumentParser instance.
    '''
-    parser = ArgumentParser()
+    config_paths = collect.get_default_config_paths()
+
+    parser = ArgumentParser(
+        description=
+            '''
+            A simple wrapper script for the Borg backup software that creates and prunes backups.
+            If none of the --prune, --create, or --check options are given, then borgmatic defaults
+            to all three: prune, create, and check archives.
+            '''
+    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '-c', '--config',
-        dest='config_filename',
-        default=DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILENAME,
-        help='Configuration filename',
+        nargs='+',
+        dest='config_paths',
+        default=config_paths,
+        help='Configuration filenames or directories, defaults to: {}'.format(' '.join(config_paths)),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '--excludes',
        dest='excludes_filename',
-        help='Excludes filename, deprecated in favor of exclude_patterns within configuration',
+        help='Deprecated in favor of exclude_patterns within configuration',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-p', '--prune',
+        dest='prune',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Prune archives according to the retention policy',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-C', '--create',
+        dest='create',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Create archives (actually perform backups)',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-k', '--check',
+        dest='check',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Check archives for consistency',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-l', '--list',
+        dest='list',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='List archives',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-i', '--info',
+        dest='info',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Display summary information on archives',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '--json',
+        dest='json',
+        default=False,
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Output results from the --create, --list, or --info options as json',
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        '-n', '--dry-run',
+        dest='dry_run',
+        action='store_true',
+        help='Go through the motions, but do not actually write to any repositories',
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        '-v', '--verbosity',
        type=int,
+        choices=range(0,3),
+        default=0,
        help='Display verbose progress (1 for some, 2 for lots)',
    )

-    return parser.parse_args(arguments)
+    args = parser.parse_args(arguments)
+
+    if args.json and not (args.create or args.list or args.info):
+        raise ValueError('The --json option can only be used with the --create, --list, or --info options')
+
+    if args.json and args.list and args.info:
+        raise ValueError(
+            'With the --json option, options --list and --info cannot be used together'
+        )
+
+    # If any of the action flags are explicitly requested, leave them as-is. Otherwise, assume
+    # defaults: Mutate the given arguments to enable the default actions.
+    if args.prune or args.create or args.check or args.list or args.info:
+        return args
+
+    args.prune = True
+    args.create = True
+    args.check = True
+    return args
+
+
+def run_configuration(config_filename, args):  # pragma: no cover
+    '''
+    Parse a single configuration file, and execute its defined pruning, backups, and/or consistency
+    checks.
+    '''
+    logger.info('{}: Parsing configuration file'.format(config_filename))
+    config = validate.parse_configuration(config_filename, validate.schema_filename())
+    (location, storage, retention, consistency, hooks) = (
+        config.get(section_name, {})
+        for section_name in ('location', 'storage', 'retention', 'consistency', 'hooks')
+    )
+
+    try:
+        local_path = location.get('local_path', 'borg')
+        remote_path = location.get('remote_path')
+        borg_create.initialize_environment(storage)
+
+        if args.create:
+            hook.execute_hook(hooks.get('before_backup'), config_filename, 'pre-backup')
+
+        _run_commands(args, consistency, local_path, location, remote_path, retention, storage)
+
+        if args.create:
+            hook.execute_hook(hooks.get('after_backup'), config_filename, 'post-backup')
+    except (OSError, CalledProcessError):
+        hook.execute_hook(hooks.get('on_error'), config_filename, 'on-error')
+        raise
+
+
+def _run_commands(args, consistency, local_path, location, remote_path, retention, storage):
+    json_results = []
+    for unexpanded_repository in location['repositories']:
+        _run_commands_on_repository(
+            args, consistency, json_results, local_path, location, remote_path, retention, storage,
+            unexpanded_repository,
+        )
+    if args.json:
+        sys.stdout.write(json.dumps(json_results))
+
+
+def _run_commands_on_repository(
+    args, consistency, json_results, local_path, location, remote_path,
+    retention, storage, unexpanded_repository,
+):  # pragma: no cover
+    repository = os.path.expanduser(unexpanded_repository)
+    dry_run_label = ' (dry run; not making any changes)' if args.dry_run else ''
+    if args.prune:
+        logger.info('{}: Pruning archives{}'.format(repository, dry_run_label))
+        borg_prune.prune_archives(
+            args.dry_run,
+            repository,
+            storage,
+            retention,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+        )
+    if args.create:
+        logger.info('{}: Creating archive{}'.format(repository, dry_run_label))
+        borg_create.create_archive(
+            args.dry_run,
+            repository,
+            location,
+            storage,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+        )
+    if args.check:
+        logger.info('{}: Running consistency checks'.format(repository))
+        borg_check.check_archives(
+            repository,
+            storage,
+            consistency,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path
+        )
+    if args.list:
+        logger.info('{}: Listing archives'.format(repository))
+        output = borg_list.list_archives(
+            repository,
+            storage,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+            json=args.json,
+        )
+        if args.json:
+            json_results.append(json.loads(output))
+        else:
+            sys.stdout.write(output)
+    if args.info:
+        logger.info('{}: Displaying summary info for archives'.format(repository))
+        output = borg_info.display_archives_info(
+            repository,
+            storage,
+            local_path=local_path,
+            remote_path=remote_path,
+            json=args.json,
+        )
+        if args.json:
+            json_results.append(json.loads(output))
+        else:
+            sys.stdout.write(output)


 def main():  # pragma: no cover
    try:
+        configure_signals()
        args = parse_arguments(*sys.argv[1:])
-        convert.guard_configuration_upgraded(LEGACY_CONFIG_FILENAME, args.config_filename)
-        config = validate.parse_configuration(args.config_filename, validate.schema_filename())
-        (location, storage, retention, consistency) = (
-            config.get(section_name, {})
-            for section_name in ('location', 'storage', 'retention', 'consistency')
-        )
-        remote_path = location.get('remote_path')
+        logging.basicConfig(level=verbosity_to_log_level(args.verbosity), format='%(message)s')

-        borg.initialize(storage)
+        config_filenames = tuple(collect.collect_config_filenames(args.config_paths))
+        logger.debug('Ensuring legacy configuration is upgraded')
+        convert.guard_configuration_upgraded(LEGACY_CONFIG_PATH, config_filenames)

-        for repository in location['repositories']:
-            borg.prune_archives(args.verbosity, repository, retention, remote_path=remote_path)
-            borg.create_archive(
-                args.verbosity,
-                repository,
-                location,
-                storage,
-            )
-            borg.check_archives(args.verbosity, repository, consistency, remote_path=remote_path)
+        if len(config_filenames) == 0:
+            raise ValueError('Error: No configuration files found in: {}'.format(' '.join(args.config_paths)))
+
+        for config_filename in config_filenames:
+            run_configuration(config_filename, args)
    except (ValueError, OSError, CalledProcessError) as error:
        print(error, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 import os
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
@@ -7,7 +6,6 @@ import textwrap

 from ruamel import yaml

-from borgmatic import borg
 from borgmatic.config import convert, generate, legacy, validate


@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
-from __future__ import print_function
 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 import os
 from subprocess import CalledProcessError
 import sys

-from ruamel import yaml
-
-from borgmatic import borg
 from borgmatic.config import convert, generate, validate


@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import logging
+import subprocess
+
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def execute_hook(commands, config_filename, description):
+    if not commands:
+        logger.debug('{}: No commands to run for {} hook'.format(config_filename, description))
+        return
+
+    if len(commands) == 1:
+        logger.info('{}: Running command for {} hook'.format(config_filename, description))
+    else:
+        logger.info('{}: Running {} commands for {} hook'.format(config_filename, len(commands), description))
+
+    for command in commands:
+        logger.debug('{}: Hook command: {}'.format(config_filename, command))
+        subprocess.check_call(command, shell=True)
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+import os
+
+
+def get_default_config_paths():
+    '''
+    Based on the value of the XDG_CONFIG_HOME and HOME environment variables, return a list of
+    default configuration paths. This includes both system-wide configuration and configuration in
+    the current user's home directory.
+    '''
+    user_config_directory = (
+        os.getenv('XDG_CONFIG_HOME') or os.path.expandvars(os.path.join('$HOME', '.config'))
+    )
+
+    return [
+        '/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml',
+        '/etc/borgmatic.d',
+        '%s/borgmatic/config.yaml' % user_config_directory,
+    ]
+
+
+def collect_config_filenames(config_paths):
+    '''
+    Given a sequence of config paths, both filenames and directories, resolve that to just an
+    iterable of files. Accomplish this by listing any given directories looking for contained config
+    files (ending with the ".yaml" extension). This is non-recursive, so any directories within the
+    given directories are ignored.
+
+    Return paths even if they don't exist on disk, so the user can find out about missing
+    configuration paths. However, skip a default config path if it's missing, so the user doesn't
+    have to create a default config path unless they need it.
+    '''
+    real_default_config_paths = set(map(os.path.realpath, get_default_config_paths()))
+
+    for path in config_paths:
+        exists = os.path.exists(path)
+
+        if os.path.realpath(path) in real_default_config_paths and not exists:
+            continue
+
+        if not os.path.isdir(path) or not exists:
+            yield path
+            continue
+
+        for filename in os.listdir(path):
+            full_filename = os.path.join(path, filename)
+            if full_filename.endswith('.yaml') and not os.path.isdir(full_filename):
+                yield full_filename
@@ -77,14 +77,19 @@ instead of the old one.'''
        )


-def guard_configuration_upgraded(source_config_filename, destination_config_filename):
+def guard_configuration_upgraded(source_config_filename, destination_config_filenames):
    '''
-    If legacy souce configuration exists but destination upgraded config doesn't, raise
+    If legacy source configuration exists but no destination upgraded configs do, raise
    LegacyConfigurationNotUpgraded.

    The idea is that we want to alert the user about upgrading their config if they haven't already.
    '''
-    if os.path.exists(source_config_filename) and not os.path.exists(destination_config_filename):
+    destination_config_exists = any(
+        os.path.exists(filename)
+        for filename in destination_config_filenames
+    )
+
+    if os.path.exists(source_config_filename) and not destination_config_exists:
        raise LegacyConfigurationNotUpgraded()


@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ def _schema_to_sample_configuration(schema, level=0):
    for each section based on the schema "desc" description.
    '''
    example = schema.get('example')
-    if example:
+    if example is not None:
        return example

    config = yaml.comments.CommentedMap([
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@ map:
            Where to look for files to backup, and where to store those backups. See
            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html and
            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage.html#borg-create for details.
-        required: True
+        required: true
        map:
            source_directories:
-                required: True
+                required: true
                seq:
                    - type: scalar
-                desc: List of source directories to backup (required). Globs are expanded.
+                desc: |
+                    List of source directories to backup (required). Globs and tildes are expanded.
                example:
                    - /home
                    - /etc
@@ -20,37 +21,108 @@ map:
            one_file_system:
                type: bool
                desc: Stay in same file system (do not cross mount points).
-                example: yes
+                example: true
+            read_special:
+                type: bool
+                desc: |
+                    Use Borg's --read-special flag to allow backup of block and other special
+                    devices. Use with caution, as it will lead to problems if used when
+                    backing up special devices such as /dev/zero.
+                example: false
+            bsd_flags:
+                type: bool
+                desc: Record bsdflags (e.g. NODUMP, IMMUTABLE) in archive. Defaults to true.
+                example: true
+            files_cache:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    Mode in which to operate the files cache. See
+                    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/create.html#description for
+                    details.
+                example: ctime,size,inode
+            local_path:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: Alternate Borg local executable. Defaults to "borg".
+                example: borg1
            remote_path:
                type: scalar
                desc: Alternate Borg remote executable. Defaults to "borg".
                example: borg1
            repositories:
-                required: True
+                required: true
                seq:
                    - type: scalar
                desc: |
-                    Paths to local or remote repositories (required). Multiple repositories are
-                    backed up to in sequence.
+                    Paths to local or remote repositories (required). Tildes are expanded. Multiple
+                    repositories are backed up to in sequence. See ssh_command for SSH options like
+                    identity file or port.
                example:
                    - user@backupserver:sourcehostname.borg
+            patterns:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    Any paths matching these patterns are included/excluded from backups. Globs are
+                    expanded. (Tildes are not.) Note that Borg considers this option experimental.
+                    See the output of "borg help patterns" for more details. Quote any value if it
+                    contains leading punctuation, so it parses correctly.
+                example:
+                    - 'R /'
+                    - '- /home/*/.cache'
+                    - '+ /home/susan'
+                    - '- /home/*'
+            patterns_from:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    Read include/exclude patterns from one or more separate named files, one pattern
+                    per line. Note that Borg considers this option experimental. See the output of
+                    "borg help patterns" for more details.
+                example:
+                    - /etc/borgmatic/patterns
            exclude_patterns:
                seq:
                    - type: scalar
                desc: |
-                    Any paths matching these patterns are excluded from backups. Globs are expanded.
-                    See https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage.html#borg-help-patterns
-                    for details.
+                    Any paths matching these patterns are excluded from backups. Globs and tildes
+                    are expanded. See the output of "borg help patterns" for more details.
                example:
                    - '*.pyc'
-                    - /home/*/.cache
+                    - ~/*/.cache
                    - /etc/ssl
+            exclude_from:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    Read exclude patterns from one or more separate named files, one pattern per
+                    line. See the output of "borg help patterns" for more details.
+                example:
+                    - /etc/borgmatic/excludes
+            exclude_caches:
+                type: bool
+                desc: |
+                    Exclude directories that contain a CACHEDIR.TAG file. See
+                    http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html for details.
+                example: true
+            exclude_if_present:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: Exclude directories that contain a file with the given filename.
+                example: .nobackup
    storage:
        desc: |
            Repository storage options. See
            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage.html#borg-create and
-            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage.html#environment-variables for details.
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/general.html#environment-variables for
+            details.
        map:
+            encryption_passcommand:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    The standard output of this command is used to unlock the encryption key. Only
+                    use on repositories that were initialized with passcommand/repokey encryption.
+                    Note that if both encryption_passcommand and encryption_passphrase are set,
+                    then encryption_passphrase takes precedence.
+                example: "secret-tool lookup borg-repository repo-name"
            encryption_passphrase:
                type: scalar
                desc: |
@@ -59,6 +131,13 @@ map:
                    punctuation, so it parses correctly. And backslash any quote or backslash
                    literals as well.
                example: "!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~"
+            checkpoint_interval:
+                type: int
+                desc: |
+                    Number of seconds between each checkpoint during a long-running backup. See
+                    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/faq.html#if-a-backup-stops-mid-way-does-the-already-backed-up-data-stay-there
+                    for details. Defaults to checkpoints every 1800 seconds (30 minutes).
+                example: 1800
            compression:
                type: scalar
                desc: |
@@ -66,19 +145,46 @@ map:
                    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-create for details.
                    Defaults to no compression.
                example: lz4
+            remote_rate_limit:
+                type: int
+                desc: Remote network upload rate limit in kiBytes/second.
+                example: 100
+            ssh_command:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: Command to use instead of just "ssh". This can be used to specify ssh options.
+                example: ssh -i /path/to/private/key
            umask:
                type: scalar
                desc: Umask to be used for borg create.
                example: 0077
+            lock_wait:
+                type: int
+                desc: Maximum seconds to wait for acquiring a repository/cache lock.
+                example: 5
+            archive_name_format:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    Name of the archive. Borg placeholders can be used. See the output of
+                    "borg help placeholders" for details. Default is
+                    "{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}". If you specify this option, you must
+                    also specify a prefix in the retention section to avoid accidental pruning of
+                    archives with a different archive name format. And you should also specify a
+                    prefix in the consistency section as well.
+                example: "{hostname}-documents-{now}"
    retention:
        desc: |
            Retention policy for how many backups to keep in each category. See
            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-prune for details.
+            At least one of the "keep" options is required for pruning to work.
        map:
            keep_within:
                type: scalar
                desc: Keep all archives within this time interval.
                example: 3H
+            keep_minutely:
+                type: int
+                desc: Number of minutely archives to keep.
+                example: 60
            keep_hourly:
                type: int
                desc: Number of hourly archives to keep.
@@ -101,26 +207,65 @@ map:
                example: 1
            prefix:
                type: scalar
-                desc: When pruning, only consider archive names starting with this prefix.
+                desc: |
+                    When pruning, only consider archive names starting with this prefix.
+                    Borg placeholders can be used. See the output of "borg help placeholders" for
+                    details. Default is "{hostname}-".
                example: sourcehostname
    consistency:
        desc: |
            Consistency checks to run after backups. See
-            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-check for details.
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-check and
+            https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-extract for details.
        map:
            checks:
                seq:
                    - type: str
-                      enum: ['repository', 'archives', 'disabled']
-                      unique: True
+                      enum: ['repository', 'archives', 'extract', 'disabled']
+                      unique: true
                desc: |
-                    List of consistency checks to run: "repository", "archives", or both. Defaults
-                    to both. Set to "disabled" to disable all consistency checks. See
-                    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.org/en/stable/usage.html#borg-check for details.
+                    List of one or more consistency checks to run: "repository", "archives", and/or
+                    "extract". Defaults to "repository" and "archives". Set to "disabled" to disable
+                    all consistency checks. "repository" checks the consistency of the repository,
+                    "archive" checks all of the archives, and "extract" does an extraction dry-run
+                    of just the most recent archive.
                example:
                    - repository
                    - archives
            check_last:
                type: int
-                desc: Restrict the number of checked archives to the last n.
+                desc: Restrict the number of checked archives to the last n. Applies only to the
+                      "archives" check.
                example: 3
+            prefix:
+                type: scalar
+                desc: |
+                    When performing the "archives" check, only consider archive names starting with
+                    this prefix. Borg placeholders can be used. See the output of
+                    "borg help placeholders" for details. Default is "{hostname}-".
+                example: sourcehostname
+    hooks:
+        desc: |
+            Shell commands or scripts to execute before and after a backup or if an error has occurred.
+            IMPORTANT: All provided commands and scripts are executed with user permissions of borgmatic.
+            Do not forget to set secure permissions on this file as well as on any script listed (chmod 0700) to
+            prevent potential shell injection or privilege escalation.
+        map:
+            before_backup:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: List of one or more shell commands or scripts to execute before creating a backup.
+                example:
+                    - echo "`date` - Starting a backup job."
+            after_backup:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: List of one or more shell commands or scripts to execute after creating a backup.
+                example:
+                    - echo "`date` - Backup created."
+            on_error:
+                seq:
+                    - type: scalar
+                desc: List of one or more shell commands or scripts to execute in case an exception has occurred.
+                example:
+                    - echo "`date` - Error while creating a backup."
@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ import pykwalify.errors
 from ruamel import yaml


+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
 def schema_filename():
    '''
    Path to the installed YAML configuration schema file, used to validate and parse the
@@ -25,6 +28,36 @@ class Validation_error(ValueError):
        self.config_filename = config_filename
        self.error_messages = error_messages

+    def __str__(self):
+        '''
+        Render a validation error as a user-facing string.
+        '''
+        return 'An error occurred while parsing a configuration file at {}:\n'.format(
+            self.config_filename
+        ) + '\n'.join(self.error_messages)
+
+
+def apply_logical_validation(config_filename, parsed_configuration):
+    '''
+    Given a parsed and schematically valid configuration as a data structure of nested dicts (see
+    below), run through any additional logical validation checks. If there are any such validation
+    problems, raise a Validation_error.
+    '''
+    archive_name_format = parsed_configuration.get('storage', {}).get('archive_name_format')
+    prefix = parsed_configuration.get('retention', {}).get('prefix')
+
+    if archive_name_format and not prefix:
+        raise Validation_error(
+            config_filename, (
+                'If you provide an archive_name_format, you must also specify a retention prefix.',
+            )
+        )
+
+    consistency_prefix = parsed_configuration.get('consistency', {}).get('prefix')
+    if archive_name_format and not consistency_prefix:
+        logger.warning('Since version 1.1.16, if you provide `archive_name_format`, you should also'
+                       ' specify `consistency.prefix`.')
+

 def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename):
    '''
@@ -38,9 +71,11 @@ def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename):
    Raise FileNotFoundError if the file does not exist, PermissionError if the user does not
    have permissions to read the file, or Validation_error if the config does not match the schema.
    '''
+    logging.getLogger('pykwalify').setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+
    try:
-        config = yaml.round_trip_load(open(config_filename))
-        schema = yaml.round_trip_load(open(schema_filename))
+        config = yaml.safe_load(open(config_filename))
+        schema = yaml.safe_load(open(schema_filename))
    except yaml.error.YAMLError as error:
        raise Validation_error(config_filename, (str(error),))

@@ -48,7 +83,7 @@ def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename):
    # simply remove all examples before passing the schema to pykwalify.
    for section_name, section_schema in schema['map'].items():
        for field_name, field_schema in section_schema['map'].items():
-            field_schema.pop('example')
+            field_schema.pop('example', None)

    validator = pykwalify.core.Core(source_data=config, schema_data=schema)
    parsed_result = validator.validate(raise_exception=False)
@@ -56,19 +91,6 @@ def parse_configuration(config_filename, schema_filename):
    if validator.validation_errors:
        raise Validation_error(config_filename, validator.validation_errors)

+    apply_logical_validation(config_filename, parsed_result)
+
    return parsed_result
-
-
-def display_validation_error(validation_error):
-    '''
-    Given a Validation_error, display its error messages to stderr.
-    '''
-    print(
-        'An error occurred while parsing a configuration file at {}:'.format(
-            validation_error.config_filename
-        ),
-        file=sys.stderr,
-    )
-
-    for error in validation_error.error_messages:
-        print(error, file=sys.stderr)
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import os
+import signal
+
+
+def _handle_signal(signal_number, frame):  # pragma: no cover
+    '''
+    Send the signal to all processes in borgmatic's process group, which includes child process.
+    '''
+    os.killpg(os.getpgrp(), signal_number)
+
+
+def configure_signals():  # pragma: no cover
+    '''
+    Configure borgmatic's signal handlers to pass relevant signals through to any child processes
+    like Borg. Note that SIGINT gets passed through even without these changes.
+    '''
+    for signal_number in (signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIGTERM, signal.SIGUSR1, signal.SIGUSR2):
+        signal.signal(signal_number, _handle_signal)
@@ -7,29 +7,99 @@ from borgmatic.commands import borgmatic as module


 def test_parse_arguments_with_no_arguments_uses_defaults():
+    config_paths = ['default']
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(config_paths)
+
    parser = module.parse_arguments()

-    assert parser.config_filename == module.DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILENAME
+    assert parser.config_paths == config_paths
    assert parser.excludes_filename == None
-    assert parser.verbosity is None
+    assert parser.verbosity is 0
+    assert parser.json is False


-def test_parse_arguments_with_filename_arguments_overrides_defaults():
+def test_parse_arguments_with_path_arguments_overrides_defaults():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
    parser = module.parse_arguments('--config', 'myconfig', '--excludes', 'myexcludes')

-    assert parser.config_filename == 'myconfig'
+    assert parser.config_paths == ['myconfig']
    assert parser.excludes_filename == 'myexcludes'
-    assert parser.verbosity is None
+    assert parser.verbosity is 0
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_multiple_config_paths_parses_as_list():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
+    parser = module.parse_arguments('--config', 'myconfig', 'otherconfig')
+
+    assert parser.config_paths == ['myconfig', 'otherconfig']
+    assert parser.verbosity is 0


 def test_parse_arguments_with_verbosity_flag_overrides_default():
+    config_paths = ['default']
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(config_paths)
+
    parser = module.parse_arguments('--verbosity', '1')

-    assert parser.config_filename == module.DEFAULT_CONFIG_FILENAME
+    assert parser.config_paths == config_paths
    assert parser.excludes_filename == None
    assert parser.verbosity == 1


+def test_parse_arguments_with_json_flag_overrides_default():
+    parser = module.parse_arguments('--list', '--json')
+    assert parser.json is True
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_no_actions_defaults_to_all_actions_enabled():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
+    parser = module.parse_arguments()
+
+    assert parser.prune is True
+    assert parser.create is True
+    assert parser.check is True
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_prune_action_leaves_other_actions_disabled():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
+    parser = module.parse_arguments('--prune')
+
+    assert parser.prune is True
+    assert parser.create is False
+    assert parser.check is False
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_multiple_actions_leaves_other_action_disabled():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
+    parser = module.parse_arguments('--create', '--check')
+
+    assert parser.prune is False
+    assert parser.create is True
+    assert parser.check is True
+
+
 def test_parse_arguments_with_invalid_arguments_exits():
+    flexmock(module.collect).should_receive('get_default_config_paths').and_return(['default'])
+
    with pytest.raises(SystemExit):
        module.parse_arguments('--posix-me-harder')
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_json_flag_with_list_or_info_flag_does_not_raise_any_error():
+    module.parse_arguments('--list', '--json')
+    module.parse_arguments('--info', '--json')
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_json_flag_but_no_list_or_info_flag_raises_value_error():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        module.parse_arguments('--json')
+
+
+def test_parse_arguments_with_json_flag_and_both_list_and_info_flag_raises_value_error():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        module.parse_arguments('--list', '--info', '--json')
@@ -15,13 +15,18 @@ def test_schema_filename_returns_plausable_path():
    assert schema_path.endswith('/schema.yaml')


-def mock_config_and_schema(config_yaml):
+def mock_config_and_schema(config_yaml, schema_yaml=None):
    '''
-    Set up mocks for the config config YAML string and the default schema so that the code under
-    test consumes them when parsing the configuration.
+    Set up mocks for the given config config YAML string and the schema YAML string, or the default
+    schema if no schema is provided. The idea is that that the code under test consumes these mocks
+    when parsing the configuration.
    '''
    config_stream = io.StringIO(config_yaml)
-    schema_stream = open(module.schema_filename())
+    if schema_yaml is None:
+        schema_stream = open(module.schema_filename())
+    else:
+        schema_stream = io.StringIO(schema_yaml)
+
    builtins = flexmock(sys.modules['builtins'])
    builtins.should_receive('open').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(config_stream)
    builtins.should_receive('open').with_args('schema.yaml').and_return(schema_stream)
@@ -39,6 +44,8 @@ def test_parse_configuration_transforms_file_into_mapping():
                - hostname.borg

        retention:
+            keep_minutely: 60
+            keep_hourly: 24
            keep_daily: 7

        consistency:
@@ -52,7 +59,7 @@ def test_parse_configuration_transforms_file_into_mapping():

    assert result == {
        'location': {'source_directories': ['/home', '/etc'], 'repositories': ['hostname.borg']},
-        'retention': {'keep_daily': 7},
+        'retention': {'keep_daily': 7, 'keep_hourly': 24, 'keep_minutely': 60},
        'consistency': {'checks': ['repository', 'archives']},
    }

@@ -81,6 +88,35 @@ def test_parse_configuration_passes_through_quoted_punctuation():
    }


+def test_parse_configuration_with_schema_lacking_examples_does_not_raise():
+    mock_config_and_schema(
+        '''
+        location:
+            source_directories:
+                - /home
+
+            repositories:
+                - hostname.borg
+        ''',
+        '''
+        map:
+            location:
+                required: true
+                map:
+                    source_directories:
+                        required: true
+                        seq:
+                            - type: scalar
+                    repositories:
+                        required: true
+                        seq:
+                            - type: scalar
+        '''
+    )
+
+    module.parse_configuration('config.yaml', 'schema.yaml')
+
+
 def test_parse_configuration_raises_for_missing_config_file():
    with pytest.raises(FileNotFoundError):
        module.parse_configuration('config.yaml', 'schema.yaml')
@@ -114,10 +150,3 @@ def test_parse_configuration_raises_for_validation_error():

    with pytest.raises(module.Validation_error):
        module.parse_configuration('config.yaml', 'schema.yaml')
-
-
-def test_display_validation_error_does_not_raise():
-    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('print')
-    error = module.Validation_error('config.yaml', ('oops', 'uh oh'))
-
-    module.display_validation_error(error)
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+from subprocess import STDOUT
+import logging, sys
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+import pytest
+
+from borgmatic.borg import check as module
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_never():
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').never()
+
+
+def test_parse_checks_returns_them_as_tuple():
+    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': ['foo', 'disabled', 'bar']})
+
+    assert checks == ('foo', 'bar')
+
+
+def test_parse_checks_with_missing_value_returns_defaults():
+    checks = module._parse_checks({})
+
+    assert checks == module.DEFAULT_CHECKS
+
+
+def test_parse_checks_with_blank_value_returns_defaults():
+    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': []})
+
+    assert checks == module.DEFAULT_CHECKS
+
+
+def test_parse_checks_with_disabled_returns_no_checks():
+    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': ['disabled']})
+
+    assert checks == ()
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_repository_check_returns_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('repository',))
+
+    assert flags == ('--repository-only',)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_extract_omits_extract_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('extract',))
+
+    assert flags == ()
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_default_checks_returns_default_flags():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS)
+
+    assert flags == ('--prefix', module.DEFAULT_PREFIX)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_all_checks_returns_default_flags():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS + ('extract',))
+
+    assert flags == ('--prefix', module.DEFAULT_PREFIX)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_archives_check_and_last_includes_last_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('archives',), check_last=3)
+
+    assert flags == ('--archives-only', '--last', '3', '--prefix', module.DEFAULT_PREFIX)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_repository_check_and_last_omits_last_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('repository',), check_last=3)
+
+    assert flags == ('--repository-only',)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_default_checks_and_last_includes_last_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS, check_last=3)
+
+    assert flags == ('--last', '3', '--prefix', module.DEFAULT_PREFIX)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_archives_check_and_prefix_includes_prefix_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('archives',), prefix='foo-')
+
+    assert flags == ('--archives-only', '--prefix', 'foo-')
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_repository_check_and_prefix_omits_prefix_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(('repository',), prefix='foo-')
+
+    assert flags == ('--repository-only',)
+
+
+def test_make_check_flags_with_default_checks_and_prefix_includes_prefix_flag():
+    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS, prefix='foo-')
+
+    assert flags == ('--prefix', 'foo-')
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    'checks',
+    (
+        ('repository',),
+        ('archives',),
+        ('repository', 'archives'),
+        ('repository', 'archives', 'other'),
+    ),
+)
+def test_check_archives_calls_borg_with_parameters(checks):
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last, None).and_return(())
+    stdout = flexmock()
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo'),
+        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_extract_check_calls_extract_only():
+    checks = ('extract',)
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').never()
+    flexmock(module.extract).should_receive('extract_last_archive_dry_run').once()
+    insert_subprocess_never()
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_log_info_calls_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': None}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--info'),
+        stdout=None, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_log_debug_calls_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': None}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--debug', '--show-rc'),
+        stdout=None, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_without_any_checks_bails():
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': None}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_never()
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_local_path_calls_borg_via_local_path():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last, None).and_return(())
+    stdout = flexmock()
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg1', 'check', 'repo'),
+        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_remote_path_calls_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last, None).and_return(())
+    stdout = flexmock()
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--remote-path', 'borg1'),
+        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_lock_wait_calls_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last, None).and_return(())
+    stdout = flexmock()
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--lock-wait', '5'),
+        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={'lock_wait': 5},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_check_archives_with_retention_prefix():
+    checks = ('repository',)
+    check_last = flexmock()
+    prefix = 'foo-'
+    consistency_config = {'check_last': check_last, 'prefix': prefix}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last, prefix).and_return(())
+    stdout = flexmock()
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'check', 'repo'),
+        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
+    )
+
+    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
+
+    module.check_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        consistency_config=consistency_config,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,730 @@
+import logging, os
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.borg import create as module
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+
+def test_initialize_environment_with_passcommand_should_set_environment():
+    orig_environ = os.environ
+
+    try:
+        os.environ = {}
+        module.initialize_environment({'encryption_passcommand': 'command'})
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSCOMMAND') == 'command'
+    finally:
+        os.environ = orig_environ
+
+
+def test_initialize_environment_with_passphrase_should_set_environment():
+    orig_environ = os.environ
+
+    try:
+        os.environ = {}
+        module.initialize_environment({'encryption_passphrase': 'pass'})
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSPHRASE') == 'pass'
+    finally:
+        os.environ = orig_environ
+
+
+def test_initialize_environment_with_ssh_command_should_set_environment():
+    orig_environ = os.environ
+
+    try:
+        os.environ = {}
+        module.initialize_environment({'ssh_command': 'ssh -C'})
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_RSH') == 'ssh -C'
+    finally:
+        os.environ = orig_environ
+
+
+def test_initialize_environment_without_configuration_should_not_set_environment():
+    orig_environ = os.environ
+
+    try:
+        os.environ = {}
+        module.initialize_environment({})
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSCOMMAND') == None
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSPHRASE') == None
+        assert os.environ.get('BORG_RSH') == None
+    finally:
+        os.environ = orig_environ
+
+
+def test_expand_directory_with_basic_path_passes_it_through():
+    flexmock(module.os.path).should_receive('expanduser').and_return('foo')
+    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').and_return([])
+
+    paths = module._expand_directory('foo')
+
+    assert paths == ['foo']
+
+
+def test_expand_directory_with_glob_expands():
+    flexmock(module.os.path).should_receive('expanduser').and_return('foo*')
+    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').and_return(['foo', 'food'])
+
+    paths = module._expand_directory('foo*')
+
+    assert paths == ['foo', 'food']
+
+
+def test_expand_directories_flattens_expanded_directories():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directory').with_args('~/foo').and_return(['/root/foo'])
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directory').with_args('bar*').and_return(['bar', 'barf'])
+
+    paths = module._expand_directories(('~/foo', 'bar*'))
+
+    assert paths == ('/root/foo', 'bar', 'barf')
+
+
+def test_expand_directories_considers_none_as_no_directories():
+    paths = module._expand_directories(None)
+
+    assert paths == ()
+
+
+def test_write_pattern_file_does_not_raise():
+    temporary_file = flexmock(
+        name='filename',
+        write=lambda mode: None,
+        flush=lambda: None,
+    )
+    flexmock(module.tempfile).should_receive('NamedTemporaryFile').and_return(temporary_file)
+
+    module._write_pattern_file(['exclude'])
+
+
+def test_write_pattern_file_with_empty_exclude_patterns_does_not_raise():
+    module._write_pattern_file([])
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+def test_make_pattern_flags_includes_pattern_filename_when_given():
+    pattern_flags = module._make_pattern_flags(
+        location_config={'patterns': ['R /', '- /var']},
+        pattern_filename='/tmp/patterns',
+    )
+
+    assert pattern_flags == ('--patterns-from', '/tmp/patterns')
+
+
+def test_make_pattern_flags_includes_patterns_from_filenames_when_in_config():
+    pattern_flags = module._make_pattern_flags(
+        location_config={'patterns_from': ['patterns', 'other']},
+    )
+
+    assert pattern_flags == ('--patterns-from', 'patterns', '--patterns-from', 'other')
+
+
+def test_make_pattern_flags_includes_both_filenames_when_patterns_given_and_patterns_from_in_config():
+    pattern_flags = module._make_pattern_flags(
+        location_config={'patterns_from': ['patterns']},
+        pattern_filename='/tmp/patterns',
+    )
+
+    assert pattern_flags == ('--patterns-from', 'patterns', '--patterns-from', '/tmp/patterns')
+
+
+def test_make_pattern_flags_considers_none_patterns_from_filenames_as_empty():
+    pattern_flags = module._make_pattern_flags(
+        location_config={'patterns_from': None},
+    )
+
+    assert pattern_flags == ()
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_includes_exclude_patterns_filename_when_given():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_patterns': ['*.pyc', '/var']},
+        exclude_filename='/tmp/excludes',
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ('--exclude-from', '/tmp/excludes')
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_includes_exclude_from_filenames_when_in_config():
+
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_from': ['excludes', 'other']},
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ('--exclude-from', 'excludes', '--exclude-from', 'other')
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_includes_both_filenames_when_patterns_given_and_exclude_from_in_config():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_from': ['excludes']},
+        exclude_filename='/tmp/excludes',
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ('--exclude-from', 'excludes', '--exclude-from', '/tmp/excludes')
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_considers_none_exclude_from_filenames_as_empty():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_from': None},
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ()
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_includes_exclude_caches_when_true_in_config():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_caches': True},
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ('--exclude-caches',)
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_does_not_include_exclude_caches_when_false_in_config():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_caches': False},
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ()
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_includes_exclude_if_present_when_in_config():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(
+        location_config={'exclude_if_present': 'exclude_me'},
+    )
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ('--exclude-if-present', 'exclude_me')
+
+
+def test_make_exclude_flags_is_empty_when_config_has_no_excludes():
+    exclude_flags = module._make_exclude_flags(location_config={})
+
+    assert exclude_flags == ()
+
+
+DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME = '{hostname}-{now:%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f}'
+CREATE_COMMAND = ('borg', 'create', 'repo::{}'.format(DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME), 'foo', 'bar')
+
+
+def test_create_archive_calls_borg_with_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_patterns_calls_borg_with_patterns():
+    pattern_flags = ('--patterns-from', 'patterns')
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(flexmock(name='/tmp/patterns')).and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(pattern_flags)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + pattern_flags)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'patterns': ['pattern'],
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_exclude_patterns_calls_borg_with_excludes():
+    exclude_flags = ('--exclude-from', 'excludes')
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(('exclude',))
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None).and_return(flexmock(name='/tmp/excludes'))
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(exclude_flags)
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + exclude_flags)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': ['exclude'],
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_log_info_calls_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--list', '--filter', 'AME', '--info', '--stats',))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+    
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_log_debug_calls_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--list', '--filter', 'AME','--stats', '--debug', '--show-rc'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_dry_run_calls_borg_with_dry_run_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--dry-run',))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=True,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_dry_run_and_log_info_calls_borg_without_stats_parameter():
+    """ --dry-run and --stats are mutually exclusive, see:
+    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/create.html#description """
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--list', '--filter', 'AME', '--info', '--dry-run'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=True,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_dry_run_and_log_debug_calls_borg_without_stats_parameter():
+    """ --dry-run and --stats are mutually exclusive, see:
+    https://borgbackup.readthedocs.io/en/stable/usage/create.html#description """
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--list', '--filter', 'AME', '--debug', '--show-rc', '--dry-run'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=True,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_checkpoint_interval_calls_borg_with_checkpoint_interval_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--checkpoint-interval', '600'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={'checkpoint_interval': 600},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_compression_calls_borg_with_compression_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--compression', 'rle'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={'compression': 'rle'},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_remote_rate_limit_calls_borg_with_remote_ratelimit_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--remote-ratelimit', '100'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={'remote_rate_limit': 100},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_one_file_system_calls_borg_with_one_file_system_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--one-file-system',))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'one_file_system': True,
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_read_special_calls_borg_with_read_special_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--read-special',))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'read_special': True,
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_bsd_flags_true_calls_borg_without_nobsdflags_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND)
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'bsd_flags': True,
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_bsd_flags_false_calls_borg_with_nobsdflags_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--nobsdflags',))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'bsd_flags': False,
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_files_cache_calls_borg_with_files_cache_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--files-cache', 'ctime,size'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'files_cache': 'ctime,size',
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_local_path_calls_borg_via_local_path():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg1',) + CREATE_COMMAND[1:])
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_remote_path_calls_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_umask_calls_borg_with_umask_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--umask', '740'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={'umask': 740},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_lock_wait_calls_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--lock-wait', '5'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={'lock_wait': 5},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_json_calls_borg_with_json_parameter():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--json',))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+        json=True
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_source_directories_glob_expands():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'food')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::{}'.format(DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME), 'foo', 'food'))
+    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').with_args('foo*').and_return(['foo', 'food'])
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_non_matching_source_directories_glob_passes_through():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo*',)).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::{}'.format(DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME), 'foo*'))
+    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').with_args('foo*').and_return([])
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_glob_calls_borg_with_expanded_directories():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'food')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::{}'.format(DEFAULT_ARCHIVE_NAME), 'foo', 'food'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_archive_name_format_calls_borg_with_archive_name():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::ARCHIVE_NAME', 'foo', 'bar'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={
+            'archive_name_format': 'ARCHIVE_NAME',
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def test_create_archive_with_archive_name_format_accepts_borg_placeholders():
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_expand_directories').and_return(('foo', 'bar')).and_return([])
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_pattern_file').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_pattern_flags').and_return(())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_exclude_flags').and_return(())
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::Documents_{hostname}-{now}', 'foo', 'bar'))
+
+    module.create_archive(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        location_config={
+            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
+            'repositories': ['repo'],
+            'exclude_patterns': None,
+        },
+        storage_config={
+            'archive_name_format': 'Documents_{hostname}-{now}',
+        },
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import logging, sys
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.borg import extract as module
+from borgmatic.verbosity import VERBOSITY_SOME, VERBOSITY_LOTS
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_never():
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').never()
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(check_output_command, result, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_output').with_args(check_output_command, **kwargs).and_return(result).once()
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_should_call_borg_with_last_archive():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2'),
+    )
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_without_any_archives_should_bail():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo'),
+        result='\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_never()
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_with_log_info_should_call_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo', '--info'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2', '--info'),
+    )
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_with_log_debug_should_call_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo', '--debug', '--show-rc'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2', '--debug', '--show-rc', '--list'),
+    )
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_should_call_borg_via_local_path():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg1', 'list', '--short', 'repo'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg1', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2'),
+    )
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_should_call_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo', '--remote-path', 'borg1'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2', '--remote-path', 'borg1'),
+    )
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=None,
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_extract_last_archive_dry_run_should_call_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    flexmock(sys.stdout).encoding = 'utf-8'
+    insert_subprocess_check_output_mock(
+        ('borg', 'list', '--short', 'repo', '--lock-wait', '5'),
+        result='archive1\narchive2\n'.encode('utf-8'),
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(
+        ('borg', 'extract', '--dry-run', 'repo::archive2', '--lock-wait', '5'),
+    )
+
+    module.extract_last_archive_dry_run(
+        repository='repo',
+        lock_wait=5,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.commands import hook as module
+
+
+def test_execute_hook_invokes_each_command():
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(':', shell=True).once()
+
+    module.execute_hook([':'], 'config.yaml', 'pre-backup')
+
+
+def test_execute_hook_with_multiple_commands_invokes_each_command():
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(':', shell=True).once()
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args('true', shell=True).once()
+
+    module.execute_hook([':', 'true'], 'config.yaml', 'pre-backup')
+
+
+def test_execute_hook_with_empty_commands_does_not_raise():
+    module.execute_hook([], 'config.yaml', 'post-backup')
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+import logging
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.borg import info as module
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_output').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+INFO_COMMAND = ('borg', 'info', 'repo')
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_calls_borg_with_parameters():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND)
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_log_info_calls_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND + ('--info',))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_log_debug_calls_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND + ('--debug', '--show-rc'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_json_calls_borg_with_json_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND + ('--json',))
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        json=True,
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_local_path_calls_borg_via_local_path():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg1',) + INFO_COMMAND[1:])
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_remote_path_calls_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_display_archives_info_with_lock_wait_calls_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    storage_config = {'lock_wait': 5}
+    insert_subprocess_mock(INFO_COMMAND + ('--lock-wait', '5'))
+
+    module.display_archives_info(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config=storage_config,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+import logging
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.borg import list as module
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_output').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+LIST_COMMAND = ('borg', 'list', 'repo')
+
+
+def test_list_archives_calls_borg_with_parameters():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND)
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_log_info_calls_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND + ('--info',))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_log_debug_calls_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND + ('--debug', '--show-rc'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_json_calls_borg_with_json_parameter():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND + ('--json',))
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        json=True,
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_local_path_calls_borg_via_local_path():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg1',) + LIST_COMMAND[1:])
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_remote_path_calls_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_list_archives_with_lock_wait_calls_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    storage_config = {'lock_wait': 5}
+    insert_subprocess_mock(LIST_COMMAND + ('--lock-wait', '5'))
+
+    module.list_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config=storage_config,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+import logging
+from collections import OrderedDict
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.borg import prune as module
+from borgmatic.tests.unit.test_verbosity import insert_logging_mock
+
+
+def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
+    subprocess = flexmock(module.subprocess)
+    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
+
+
+
+BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS = (
+    ('--keep-daily', '1'),
+    ('--keep-weekly', '2'),
+    ('--keep-monthly', '3'),
+)
+
+
+def test_make_prune_flags_returns_flags_from_config_plus_default_prefix():
+    retention_config = OrderedDict(
+        (
+            ('keep_daily', 1),
+            ('keep_weekly', 2),
+            ('keep_monthly', 3),
+        )
+    )
+
+    result = module._make_prune_flags(retention_config)
+
+    assert tuple(result) == BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS + (('--prefix', '{hostname}-'),)
+
+
+def test_make_prune_flags_accepts_prefix_with_placeholders():
+    retention_config = OrderedDict(
+        (
+            ('keep_daily', 1),
+            ('prefix', 'Documents_{hostname}-{now}'),
+        )
+    )
+
+    result = module._make_prune_flags(retention_config)
+
+    expected = (
+        ('--keep-daily', '1'),
+        ('--prefix', 'Documents_{hostname}-{now}'),
+    )
+
+    assert tuple(result) == expected
+
+
+PRUNE_COMMAND = (
+    'borg', 'prune', 'repo', '--keep-daily', '1', '--keep-weekly', '2', '--keep-monthly', '3',
+)
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_calls_borg_with_parameters():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND)
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_log_info_calls_borg_with_info_parameter():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--stats', '--info',))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.INFO)
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        dry_run=False,
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_log_debug_calls_borg_with_debug_parameter():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--stats', '--debug', '--list', '--show-rc'))
+    insert_logging_mock(logging.DEBUG)
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        dry_run=False,
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_dry_run_calls_borg_with_dry_run_parameter():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--dry-run',))
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        dry_run=True,
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_local_path_calls_borg_via_local_path():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg1',) + PRUNE_COMMAND[1:])
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+        local_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_remote_path_calls_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config={},
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+        remote_path='borg1',
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_umask_calls_borg_with_umask_parameters():
+    storage_config = {'umask': '077'}
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--umask', '077'))
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config=storage_config,
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
+
+
+def test_prune_archives_with_lock_wait_calls_borg_with_lock_wait_parameters():
+    storage_config = {'lock_wait': 5}
+    retention_config = flexmock()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
+        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
+    )
+    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--lock-wait', '5'))
+
+    module.prune_archives(
+        dry_run=False,
+        repository='repo',
+        storage_config=storage_config,
+        retention_config=retention_config,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+import json
+import sys
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+import pytest
+
+from borgmatic.commands import borgmatic
+
+
+def test__run_commands_handles_multiple_json_outputs_in_array():
+    (
+        flexmock(borgmatic)
+        .should_receive('_run_commands_on_repository')
+        .times(3)
+        .replace_with(
+            lambda args, consistency, json_results, local_path, location, remote_path, retention,
+            storage,
+            unexpanded_repository: json_results.append({"whatever": unexpanded_repository})
+        )
+    )
+
+    (
+        flexmock(sys.stdout)
+        .should_call("write")
+        .with_args(
+            json.dumps(
+                json.loads(
+                    '''
+                        [
+                            {"whatever": "fake_repo1"},
+                            {"whatever": "fake_repo2"},
+                            {"whatever": "fake_repo3"}
+                        ]
+                    ''',
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+    borgmatic._run_commands(
+        args=flexmock(json=True),
+        consistency=None,
+        local_path=None,
+        location={'repositories': [
+            'fake_repo1',
+            'fake_repo2',
+            'fake_repo3'
+        ]},
+        remote_path=None,
+        retention=None,
+        storage=None,
+    )
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.config import collect as module
+
+
+def test_get_default_config_paths_includes_absolute_user_config_path():
+    flexmock(module.os, environ={'XDG_CONFIG_HOME': None, 'HOME': '/home/user'})
+
+    config_paths = module.get_default_config_paths()
+
+    assert '/home/user/.config/borgmatic/config.yaml' in config_paths
+
+
+def test_get_default_config_paths_prefers_xdg_config_home_for_user_config_path():
+    flexmock(module.os, environ={'XDG_CONFIG_HOME': '/home/user/.etc', 'HOME': '/home/user'})
+
+    config_paths = module.get_default_config_paths()
+
+    assert '/home/user/.etc/borgmatic/config.yaml' in config_paths
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_collects_given_files():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', 'other.yaml')
+    flexmock(module.os.path).should_receive('isdir').and_return(False)
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == config_paths
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_collects_files_from_given_directories_and_ignores_sub_directories():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', '/etc/borgmatic.d')
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/foo.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/bar').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/baz.yaml').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('listdir').and_return(['foo.yaml', 'bar', 'baz.yaml'])
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == (
+        'config.yaml',
+        '/etc/borgmatic.d/foo.yaml',
+        '/etc/borgmatic.d/baz.yaml',
+    )
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_collects_files_from_given_directories_and_ignores_non_yaml_filenames():
+    config_paths = ('/etc/borgmatic.d',)
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/foo.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/bar.yaml~').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d/baz.txt').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('listdir').and_return(['foo.yaml', 'bar.yaml~', 'baz.txt'])
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == ('/etc/borgmatic.d/foo.yaml',)
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_skips_etc_borgmatic_config_dot_yaml_if_it_does_not_exist():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', '/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml')
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic/config.yaml').and_return(True)
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == ('config.yaml',)
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_skips_etc_borgmatic_dot_d_if_it_does_not_exist():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', '/etc/borgmatic.d')
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(True)
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == ('config.yaml',)
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_skips_non_canonical_etc_borgmatic_dot_d_if_it_does_not_exist():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', '/etc/../etc/borgmatic.d')
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('/etc/../etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/etc/../etc/borgmatic.d').and_return(True)
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == ('config.yaml',)
+
+
+def test_collect_config_filenames_includes_other_directory_if_it_does_not_exist():
+    config_paths = ('config.yaml', '/my/directory')
+    mock_path = flexmock(module.os.path)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    mock_path.should_receive('exists').with_args('/my/directory').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    mock_path.should_receive('isdir').with_args('/my/directory').and_return(True)
+
+    config_filenames = tuple(module.collect_config_filenames(config_paths))
+
+    assert config_filenames == config_paths
@@ -79,30 +79,34 @@ def test_convert_legacy_parsed_config_splits_space_separated_values():
 def test_guard_configuration_upgraded_raises_when_only_source_config_present():
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config').and_return(True)
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('other.yaml').and_return(False)

    with pytest.raises(module.LegacyConfigurationNotUpgraded):
-        module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', 'config.yaml')
+        module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', ('config.yaml', 'other.yaml'))


 def test_guard_configuration_upgraded_does_not_raise_when_only_destination_config_present():
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config').and_return(False)
-    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('other.yaml').and_return(True)

-    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', 'config.yaml')
+    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', ('config.yaml', 'other.yaml'))


 def test_guard_configuration_upgraded_does_not_raise_when_both_configs_present():
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config').and_return(True)
-    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(True)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('other.yaml').and_return(True)

-    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', 'config.yaml')
+    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', ('config.yaml', 'other.yaml'))


 def test_guard_configuration_upgraded_does_not_raise_when_neither_config_present():
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config').and_return(False)
    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('config.yaml').and_return(False)
+    flexmock(os.path).should_receive('exists').with_args('other.yaml').and_return(False)

-    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', 'config.yaml')
+    module.guard_configuration_upgraded('config', ('config.yaml', 'other.yaml'))


 def test_guard_excludes_filename_omitted_raises_when_filename_provided():
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+import pytest
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.config import validate as module
+
+
+def test_validation_error_str_contains_error_messages_and_config_filename():
+    error = module.Validation_error('config.yaml', ('oops', 'uh oh'))
+
+    result = str(error)
+
+    assert 'config.yaml' in result
+    assert 'oops' in result
+    assert 'uh oh' in result
+
+
+def test_apply_logical_validation_raises_if_archive_name_format_present_without_prefix():
+    with pytest.raises(module.Validation_error):
+        module.apply_logical_validation(
+            'config.yaml',
+            {
+                'storage': {'archive_name_format': '{hostname}-{now}'},
+                'retention': {'keep_daily': 7},
+            },
+        )
+
+def test_apply_logical_validation_raises_if_archive_name_format_present_without_retention_prefix():
+    with pytest.raises(module.Validation_error):
+        module.apply_logical_validation(
+            'config.yaml',
+            {
+                'storage': {'archive_name_format': '{hostname}-{now}'},
+                'retention': {'keep_daily': 7},
+                'consistency': {'prefix': '{hostname}-'}
+            },
+        )
+
+
+def test_apply_logical_validation_warns_if_archive_name_format_present_without_consistency_prefix():
+    logger = flexmock(module.logger)
+    logger.should_receive('warning').once()
+
+    module.apply_logical_validation(
+        'config.yaml',
+        {
+            'storage': {'archive_name_format': '{hostname}-{now}'},
+            'retention': {'prefix': '{hostname}-'},
+            'consistency': {},
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_logical_validation_does_not_raise_or_warn_if_archive_name_format_and_prefix_present():
+    logger = flexmock(module.logger)
+    logger.should_receive('warning').never()
+
+    module.apply_logical_validation(
+        'config.yaml',
+        {
+            'storage': {'archive_name_format': '{hostname}-{now}'},
+            'retention': {'prefix': '{hostname}-'},
+            'consistency': {'prefix': '{hostname}-'}
+        },
+    )
+
+
+def test_apply_logical_validation_does_not_raise_otherwise():
+    module.apply_logical_validation(
+        'config.yaml',
+        {
+            'retention': {'keep_secondly': 1000},
+        },
+    )
@@ -1,518 +0,0 @@
-from collections import OrderedDict
-from subprocess import STDOUT
-import sys
-import os
-
-from flexmock import flexmock
-
-from borgmatic import borg as module
-from borgmatic.verbosity import VERBOSITY_SOME, VERBOSITY_LOTS
-
-
-def test_initialize_with_passphrase_should_set_environment():
-    orig_environ = os.environ
-
-    try:
-        os.environ = {}
-        module.initialize({'encryption_passphrase': 'pass'}, command='borg')
-        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSPHRASE') == 'pass'
-    finally:
-        os.environ = orig_environ
-
-
-def test_initialize_without_passphrase_should_not_set_environment():
-    orig_environ = os.environ
-
-    try:
-        os.environ = {}
-        module.initialize({}, command='borg')
-        assert os.environ.get('BORG_PASSPHRASE') == None
-    finally:
-        os.environ = orig_environ
-
-def test_write_exclude_file_does_not_raise():
-    temporary_file = flexmock(
-        name='filename',
-        write=lambda mode: None,
-        flush=lambda: None,
-    )
-    flexmock(module.tempfile).should_receive('NamedTemporaryFile').and_return(temporary_file)
-
-    module._write_exclude_file(['exclude'])
-
-
-def test_write_exclude_file_with_empty_exclude_patterns_does_not_raise():
-    module._write_exclude_file([])
-
-
-def insert_subprocess_mock(check_call_command, **kwargs):
-    subprocess = flexmock(STDOUT=STDOUT)
-    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').with_args(check_call_command, **kwargs).once()
-    flexmock(module).subprocess = subprocess
-
-
-def insert_subprocess_never():
-    subprocess = flexmock()
-    subprocess.should_receive('check_call').never()
-    flexmock(module).subprocess = subprocess
-
-
-def insert_platform_mock():
-    flexmock(module.platform).should_receive('node').and_return('host')
-
-
-def insert_datetime_mock():
-    flexmock(module).datetime = flexmock().should_receive('now').and_return(
-        flexmock().should_receive('isoformat').and_return('now').mock
-    ).mock
-
-
-CREATE_COMMAND = ('borg', 'create', 'repo::host-now', 'foo', 'bar')
-
-
-def test_create_archive_should_call_borg_with_parameters():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND)
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_exclude_patterns_should_call_borg_with_excludes():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file').and_return(flexmock(name='excludes'))
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--exclude-from', 'excludes'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': ['exclude'],
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_verbosity_some_should_call_borg_with_info_parameter():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--info', '--stats',))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_SOME,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_verbosity_lots_should_call_borg_with_debug_parameter():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--debug', '--list', '--stats'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_LOTS,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_compression_should_call_borg_with_compression_parameters():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--compression', 'rle'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={'compression': 'rle'},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_one_file_system_should_call_borg_with_one_file_system_parameters():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--one-file-system',))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'one_file_system': True,
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_remote_path_should_call_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'remote_path': 'borg1',
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_umask_should_call_borg_with_umask_parameters():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(CREATE_COMMAND + ('--umask', '740'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo', 'bar'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={'umask': 740},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_source_directories_glob_expands():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::host-now', 'foo', 'food'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').with_args('foo*').and_return(['foo', 'food'])
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_non_matching_source_directories_glob_passes_through():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::host-now', 'foo*'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').with_args('foo*').and_return([])
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_create_archive_with_glob_should_call_borg_with_expanded_directories():
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_write_exclude_file')
-    insert_subprocess_mock(('borg', 'create', 'repo::host-now', 'foo', 'food'))
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-    flexmock(module.glob).should_receive('glob').with_args('foo*').and_return(['foo', 'food'])
-
-    module.create_archive(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        location_config={
-            'source_directories': ['foo*'],
-            'repositories': ['repo'],
-            'exclude_patterns': None,
-        },
-        storage_config={},
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS = (
-    ('--keep-daily', '1'),
-    ('--keep-weekly', '2'),
-    ('--keep-monthly', '3'),
-)
-
-
-def test_make_prune_flags_should_return_flags_from_config():
-    retention_config = OrderedDict(
-        (
-            ('keep_daily', 1),
-            ('keep_weekly', 2),
-            ('keep_monthly', 3),
-        )
-    )
-
-    result = module._make_prune_flags(retention_config)
-
-    assert tuple(result) == BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS
-
-
-PRUNE_COMMAND = (
-    'borg', 'prune', 'repo', '--keep-daily', '1', '--keep-weekly', '2', '--keep-monthly', '3',
-)
-
-
-def test_prune_archives_should_call_borg_with_parameters():
-    retention_config = flexmock()
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
-        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
-    )
-    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND)
-
-    module.prune_archives(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        retention_config=retention_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_prune_archives_with_verbosity_some_should_call_borg_with_info_parameter():
-    retention_config = flexmock()
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
-        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
-    )
-    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--info', '--stats',))
-
-    module.prune_archives(
-        repository='repo',
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_SOME,
-        retention_config=retention_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_prune_archives_with_verbosity_lots_should_call_borg_with_debug_parameter():
-    retention_config = flexmock()
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
-        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
-    )
-    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--debug', '--stats',))
-
-    module.prune_archives(
-        repository='repo',
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_LOTS,
-        retention_config=retention_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-def test_prune_archive_with_remote_path_should_call_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
-    retention_config = flexmock()
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_prune_flags').with_args(retention_config).and_return(
-        BASE_PRUNE_FLAGS,
-    )
-    insert_subprocess_mock(PRUNE_COMMAND + ('--remote-path', 'borg1'))
-
-    module.prune_archives(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        retention_config=retention_config,
-        command='borg',
-        remote_path='borg1',
-    )
-
-
-def test_parse_checks_returns_them_as_tuple():
-    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': ['foo', 'disabled', 'bar']})
-
-    assert checks == ('foo', 'bar')
-
-
-def test_parse_checks_with_missing_value_returns_defaults():
-    checks = module._parse_checks({})
-
-    assert checks == module.DEFAULT_CHECKS
-
-
-def test_parse_checks_with_blank_value_returns_defaults():
-    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': []})
-
-    assert checks == module.DEFAULT_CHECKS
-
-
-def test_parse_checks_with_disabled_returns_no_checks():
-    checks = module._parse_checks({'checks': ['disabled']})
-
-    assert checks == ()
-
-
-def test_make_check_flags_with_checks_returns_flags():
-    flags = module._make_check_flags(('foo', 'bar'))
-
-    assert flags == ('--foo-only', '--bar-only')
-
-
-def test_make_check_flags_with_default_checks_returns_no_flags():
-    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS)
-
-    assert flags == ()
-
-
-def test_make_check_flags_with_checks_and_last_returns_flags_including_last():
-    flags = module._make_check_flags(('foo', 'bar'), check_last=3)
-
-    assert flags == ('--foo-only', '--bar-only', '--last', '3')
-
-
-def test_make_check_flags_with_last_returns_last_flag():
-    flags = module._make_check_flags(module.DEFAULT_CHECKS, check_last=3)
-
-    assert flags == ('--last', '3')
-
-
-def test_check_archives_should_call_borg_with_parameters():
-    checks = flexmock()
-    check_last = flexmock()
-    consistency_config = flexmock().should_receive('get').and_return(check_last).mock
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last).and_return(())
-    stdout = flexmock()
-    insert_subprocess_mock(
-        ('borg', 'check', 'repo'),
-        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
-    )
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
-    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
-
-    module.check_archives(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        consistency_config=consistency_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_check_archives_with_verbosity_some_should_call_borg_with_info_parameter():
-    consistency_config = flexmock().should_receive('get').and_return(None).mock
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(flexmock())
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').and_return(())
-    insert_subprocess_mock(
-        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--info'),
-        stdout=None, stderr=STDOUT,
-    )
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.check_archives(
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_SOME,
-        repository='repo',
-        consistency_config=consistency_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_check_archives_with_verbosity_lots_should_call_borg_with_debug_parameter():
-    consistency_config = flexmock().should_receive('get').and_return(None).mock
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(flexmock())
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').and_return(())
-    insert_subprocess_mock(
-        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--debug'),
-        stdout=None, stderr=STDOUT,
-    )
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-
-    module.check_archives(
-        verbosity=VERBOSITY_LOTS,
-        repository='repo',
-        consistency_config=consistency_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_check_archives_without_any_checks_should_bail():
-    consistency_config = flexmock().should_receive('get').and_return(None).mock
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(())
-    insert_subprocess_never()
-
-    module.check_archives(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        consistency_config=consistency_config,
-        command='borg',
-    )
-
-
-def test_check_archives_with_remote_path_should_call_borg_with_remote_path_parameters():
-    checks = flexmock()
-    check_last = flexmock()
-    consistency_config = flexmock().should_receive('get').and_return(check_last).mock
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_parse_checks').and_return(checks)
-    flexmock(module).should_receive('_make_check_flags').with_args(checks, check_last).and_return(())
-    stdout = flexmock()
-    insert_subprocess_mock(
-        ('borg', 'check', 'repo', '--remote-path', 'borg1'),
-        stdout=stdout, stderr=STDOUT,
-    )
-    insert_platform_mock()
-    insert_datetime_mock()
-    flexmock(sys.modules['builtins']).should_receive('open').and_return(stdout)
-    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('devnull')
-
-    module.check_archives(
-        verbosity=None,
-        repository='repo',
-        consistency_config=consistency_config,
-        command='borg',
-        remote_path='borg1',
-    )
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import logging
+
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic import verbosity as module
+
+def insert_logging_mock(log_level):
+    """ Mocks the isEnabledFor from python logging. """
+    logging = flexmock(module.logging.Logger)
+    logging.should_receive('isEnabledFor').replace_with(lambda lvl : lvl >= log_level)
+    logging.should_receive('getEffectiveLevel').replace_with(lambda: log_level)
+
+
+def test_verbosity_to_log_level_maps_known_verbosity_to_log_level():
+    assert module.verbosity_to_log_level(module.VERBOSITY_SOME) == logging.INFO
+    assert module.verbosity_to_log_level(module.VERBOSITY_LOTS) == logging.DEBUG
+
+
+def test_verbosity_to_log_level_maps_unknown_verbosity_to_warning_level():
+    assert module.verbosity_to_log_level('my pants') == logging.WARNING
@@ -1,2 +1,17 @@
+import logging
+
+
+VERBOSITY_WARNING = 0
 VERBOSITY_SOME = 1
 VERBOSITY_LOTS = 2
+
+
+def verbosity_to_log_level(verbosity):
+    '''
+    Given a borgmatic verbosity value, return the corresponding Python log level.
+    '''
+    return {
+        VERBOSITY_WARNING: logging.WARNING,
+        VERBOSITY_SOME: logging.INFO,
+        VERBOSITY_LOTS: logging.DEBUG,
+    }.get(verbosity, logging.WARNING)
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# You can drop this file into /etc/cron.d/ to run borgmatic nightly.
+
+0 3 * * * PATH=$PATH:/usr/bin /usr/bin/borgmatic
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Description=Run borgmatic backup

 [Timer]
 OnCalendar=daily
+Persistent=true

 [Install]
 WantedBy=timers.target
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -o nounset
+
+# For each Borg sub-command that borgmatic uses, print out the Borg flags that borgmatic does not
+# appear to support yet. This script isn't terribly robust. It's intended as a basic tool to ferret
+# out unsupported Borg options so that they can be considered for addition to borgmatic.
+
+# Generate a sample borgmatic configuration with all options set.
+generate-borgmatic-config --destination temp.yaml
+
+# For each sub-command (prune, create, and check), collect the Borg command-line flags that result
+# from running borgmatic with the generated configuration. Then, collect the full set of available
+# Borg flags as reported by "borg --help" for that sub-command. Finally, compare the two lists of
+# flags to determine which Borg flags borgmatic doesn't yet support.
+for sub_command in prune create check list info; do
+    echo "********** borg $sub_command **********"
+
+    for line in $(borgmatic --config temp.yaml --$sub_command -v 2 2>&1 | grep "borg\w* $sub_command") ; do
+        echo "$line" | grep '^-' >> borgmatic_borg_flags
+    done
+    sort borgmatic_borg_flags > borgmatic_borg_flags.sorted
+    mv borgmatic_borg_flags.sorted borgmatic_borg_flags
+
+    for word in $(borg $sub_command --help | grep '^  -') ; do
+        # Exclude a bunch of flags that borgmatic actually supports, but don't get exercised by the
+        # generated sample config, and also flags that don't make sense to support.
+        echo "$word" | grep ^-- | sed -e 's/,$//' \
+            | grep -v '^--archives-only$' \
+            | grep -v '^--critical$' \
+            | grep -v '^--debug$' \
+            | grep -v '^--dry-run$' \
+            | grep -v '^--error$' \
+            | grep -v '^--help$' \
+            | grep -v '^--info$' \
+            | grep -v '^--list$' \
+            | grep -v '^--nobsdflags$' \
+            | grep -v '^--pattern$' \
+            | grep -v '^--read-special$' \
+            | grep -v '^--repository-only$' \
+            | grep -v '^--show-rc$' \
+            | grep -v '^--stats$' \
+            | grep -v '^--verbose$' \
+            | grep -v '^--warning$' \
+            | grep -v '^-h$' \
+            >> all_borg_flags
+    done
+
+    sort all_borg_flags > all_borg_flags.sorted
+    mv all_borg_flags.sorted all_borg_flags
+
+    comm -13 borgmatic_borg_flags all_borg_flags
+
+    rm ./*_borg_flags
+done
+
+rm temp.yaml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+
+git push -u origin master
+git push -u github master
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -e
+
+version=$(head --lines=1 NEWS)
+git tag $version
+git push origin $version
+git push github $version
+
+rm -fr dist
+python3 setup.py bdist_wheel
+python3 setup.py sdist
+twine upload -r pypi dist/borgmatic-*.tar.gz
+twine upload -r pypi dist/borgmatic-*-py3-none-any.whl
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages


-VERSION = '1.1.2'
+VERSION = '1.2.4'


 setup(
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ setup(
    author='Dan Helfman',
    author_email='witten@torsion.org',
    url='https://torsion.org/borgmatic',
-    download_url='https://torsion.org/hg/borgmatic/archive/%s.tar.gz' % VERSION,
    classifiers=(
        'Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable',
        'Environment :: Console',
@@ -33,8 +32,8 @@ setup(
        'atticmatic',
    ],
    install_requires=(
-        'pykwalify',
-        'ruamel.yaml<=0.15',
+        'pykwalify>=1.6.0,<14.06',
+        'ruamel.yaml>0.15.0,<0.16.0',
        'setuptools',
    ),
    tests_require=(
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 flexmock==0.10.2
-pykwalify==1.6.0
-pytest==2.9.1
+pykwalify==1.6.1
+pytest==3.7.4
 pytest-cov==2.5.1
-ruamel.yaml==0.15.18
+ruamel.yaml>0.15.0,<0.16.0
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 [tox]
-envlist=py34
+envlist=py3
 skipsdist=True

 [testenv]