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About
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Introduction
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Network Configuration
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System Configuration
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System Management
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CLI
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Introduction
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Configuration
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Network Calculator
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Quickstart Guide
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Text Edítor
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Upgrading
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Boot Procedure
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Boot Procedure
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Configuration
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U-Boot
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GRUB
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System Upgrade
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FIT Framed Squash Image
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RAUC Upgrade Bundle
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boot - Bootloader
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aux - Auxiliary Data
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primary/secondary - Root Filesystems
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cfg - Configuration Data
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var - Variable Data
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DHCP Server
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Docker Containers
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Hardware Info & Status
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Network Discovery
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Scripting Infix
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Tunneling (L2/L3)
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Quality of Service
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RMON Counters
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Syslog Support
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Virtual Environments
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Bootloader
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U-Boot
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GRUB
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SquashFS Image
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FIT Framed Squash Image
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RAUC Upgrade Bundle
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<h1 id="boot-procedure">Boot Procedure<a class="headerlink" href="#boot-procedure" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h1>
<p>Systems running Infix will typically boot in multiple phases, forming
a boot chain. Each link in the chain has three main responsibilities:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p>Ensuring the integrity of the next link before passing control to
it. This avoids silent failures stemming from data corruption.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Ensuring the authenticity of the next link before passing control
to it, commonly referred to as <em>Secure Boot</em>. This protects against
malicious attempts to modify a system's firmware.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Preparing the system state according to the requirements of the
next link. E.g. the Linux kernel requires the system's RAM to be
operational.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>A typical chain consists of four stages:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code> .---------.
| ROM &gt;---. Determine the location of and load the SPL
&#39;---------&#39; |
.-----------------&#39;
| .---------.
&#39;---&gt; SPL &gt;---. Perform DDR training and load the TPL
&#39;---------&#39; |
.-----------------&#39;
| .---------.
&#39;---&gt; TPL &gt;---. Load Linux kernel, device tree, and root filesystem
&#39;---------&#39; |
.-----------------&#39;
| .---------.
&#39;---&gt; Infix | Get down to business
&#39;---------&#39;
</code></pre></div>
<p>After a reset, hardware will pass control to a program (<em>ROM</em>) which
is almost always programmed into the SoC by the vendor. This program
will determine the location of the <em>Secondary Program Loader</em> (<em>SPL</em>),
typically by reading a set of <em>Sample at Reset</em> (SaR) pins.</p>
<p>The <em>SPL</em> is sometimes provided by the SoC vendor in binary form, and
is sometimes built as a part of the <em>Tertiary Program Loader</em> (<em>TPL</em>)
build. Its main responsibility is usually to set up the system's
memory controller and perform DDR training, if required, before
loading the <em>TPL</em>.</p>
<p>Commonly referred to as the system's <em>bootloader</em>, the <em>TPL</em> is
responsible for preparing the execution environment required by the
Linux kernel.</p>
<p>This document's focus is to describe the final two phases of the boot
chain, as the initial phases are very hardware dependent, better
described by existing documentation provided by the SoC vendor.</p>
<h2 id="bootloader">Bootloader<a class="headerlink" href="#bootloader" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="configuration">Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#configuration" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>To mitigate the risk of a malicious user being able to circumvent the
bootloader's validation procedure, user configuration is kept to a
minimum. Two settings are available:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Boot order</strong>: Since Infix maintains two copies of its software image,
and as some bootloaders support <a href="../netboot/">netbooting</a>, the order in which boot
sources are considered can be configured. To select the active
source, use <a href="https://rauc.io">RAUC</a>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>rauc status mark-active &lt;slot&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Where <code>&lt;slot&gt;</code> is one of:</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th><code>&lt;slot&gt;</code></th>
<th>Source</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code>rootfs.0</code></td>
<td>Primary partition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>rootfs.1</code></td>
<td>Secondary partition</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>net.0</code></td>
<td>Netboot (where supported)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Debug</strong>: By default, the kernel will only output errors to the
console during boot. Optionally, this can be altered such that all
enabled messages are logged.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>On systems using <em>U-Boot</em>, this can be enabled by running <code>fw_setenv
DEBUG 1</code>. To restore the default behavior, run <code>fw_setenv DEBUG</code>.</p>
<p>On systems running <em>GRUB</em>, this can be enabled by running
<code>grub-editenv /mnt/aux/grub/grubenv set DEBUG=1</code>. To restore the
default behavior, run <code>grub-editenv /mnt/aux/grub/grubenv unset
DEBUG</code></p>
<h3 id="u-boot">U-Boot<a class="headerlink" href="#u-boot" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Used on <em>aarch64</em> based systems. It is able to verify both the
<em>integrity</em> and <em>authenticity</em> of an Infix image. As such, it can be
used as a part of a <em>Secure Boot</em> chain, given that the preceding
links are able to do the same.</p>
<p>Supports booting Infix from a block device using the <a href="#disk-image">Disk
Image</a> layout. Currently, Virtio and MMC disks are
supported.</p>
<p>An <a href="#fit-framed-squash-image">FIT Framed Squash Image</a> can be used to
boot Infix over the network. DHCP is used to configure the network
and TFTP to transfer the image to the system's RAM.</p>
<p>Access to U-Boot's shell is disabled to prevent side-loading of
malicious software. To configure the active boot partition, refer to
the <a href="#configuration">Bootloader Configuration</a> section.</p>
<h3 id="grub">GRUB<a class="headerlink" href="#grub" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Used on <em>x86_64</em> based systems. Neither the <em>integrity</em> nor the
<em>authenticity</em> of the Infix image is verified. It is only intended to
provide a way of booting a <a href="#disk-image">Disk Image</a>, such that a
standard <a href="#system-upgrade">System Upgrade</a> can be performed on
virtualized instances.</p>
<p>Access to the GRUB shell is not limited in any way, and the boot
partition can be selected interactively at boot using the arrow keys. It
is also possible to permanently configure the default partition from
Infix using the <a href="#configuration">Bootloader Configuration</a>.</p>
<h2 id="system-upgrade">System Upgrade<a class="headerlink" href="#system-upgrade" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>Much of the minutiae of software upgrades is delegated to <a href="https://rauc.io">RAUC</a>,
which offers lots of benefits out-of-the-box:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Upgrade Bundles are always signed, such that their authenticity can
be verified by the running operating system, before the new one is
installed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The bureaucracy of interfacing with different bootloaders, manage
the boot order, is a simple matter of providing a compatible
configuration.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Updates can be sourced from the local filesystem (including external
media like USB sticks or SD-cards) and from remote servers using FTP
or HTTP(S).</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>To initiate a system upgrade from the shell<sup id="fnref:1"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:1">1</a></sup>, run:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>rauc install &lt;file|url&gt;
</code></pre></div>
<p>Where the file or URL points to a <a href="#rauc-upgrade-bundle">RAUC Upgrade Bundle</a>.</p>
<p>This will upgrade the partition not currently running. After a
successful upgrade is completed, you can reboot your system, which
will then boot from the newly installed image. Since the partition
from which you were originally running is now inactive, running the
same upgrade command again will bring both partitions into sync.</p>
<h2 id="image-formats">Image Formats<a class="headerlink" href="#image-formats" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<h3 id="squashfs-image">SquashFS Image<a class="headerlink" href="#squashfs-image" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>Canonical Name</strong>: <code>rootfs.squashfs</code></p>
<p>The central read-only filesystem image containing Infix's Linux
kernel, device trees, and root filesystem. All other images bundle
this image, or is dependent on it, in one way or another.</p>
<p>On its own, it can be used as an <a href="https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/initrd.html">initrd</a> to efficiently boot a
virtual instance of Infix.</p>
<h3 id="fit-framed-squash-image">FIT Framed Squash Image<a class="headerlink" href="#fit-framed-squash-image" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>Canonical Name</strong>: <code>rootfs.itb</code></p>
<p>As the name suggests, this is essentially the <a href="#squashfs-image">Squash FS
Image</a> with a <em>Flattened Image Tree</em> (<a href="https://u-boot.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage/fit.html">FIT</a>)
header. Being a native format to U-Boot, using this framing allows us
to verify the integrity and authenticity of the SquashFS image using
standard U-Boot primitives.</p>
<p>In contrast to most FIT images, the kernel and device trees are not
stored as separate binaries in the image tree. Instead, Infix follows
the standard Linux layout where the kernel and related files are
stored in the <code>/boot</code> directory of the filesystem.</p>
<p>On disk, this image is then stored broken up into its two components;
the <em>FIT header</em> (<code>rootfs.itbh</code>) and the SquashFS image. The header
is stored on the <a href="#aux-auxiliary-data">Auxiliary Data</a> partition of
the <a href="#disk-image">Disk Image</a>, while the SquashFS image is stored in
one of the <a href="#primarysecondary-root-filesystems">Root Filesystem</a>
partitions.</p>
<p>When the system boots, U-Boot will concatenate the two parts to
validate the SquashFS's contents. This path was chosen because:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Having a separate raw SquashFS means Linux can directly mount it as
the root filesystem.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It decouples Infix from U-Boot. If a better way of validating our
image is introduced, we can switch to it without major changes to
Infix's boot process, as we can still use a regular SquashFS as the
root filesystem.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It lets us use standard interfaces to boot Linux, like SYSLINUX. It
also plays well with traditional bootloaders, like GRUB.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>In its full form, it can be used to netboot Infix, as it contains all
the information needed by U-Boot in a single file.</p>
<h3 id="rauc-upgrade-bundle">RAUC Upgrade Bundle<a class="headerlink" href="#rauc-upgrade-bundle" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>Canonical Name</strong>: <code>infix-${ARCH}.pkg</code></p>
<p>Itself a SquashFS image, this bundle (sometimes referred to package)
contains the Infix <a href="#squashfs-image">SquashFS Image</a> along with the
header of the <a href="#fit-framed-squash-image">FIT Framed Squash Image</a>, and
some supporting files to let <a href="https://rauc.io">RAUC</a> know how install it on the target
system.</p>
<p>When performing a <a href="#system-upgrade">System Upgrade</a>, this is the format
to use.</p>
<h3 id="disk-image">Disk Image<a class="headerlink" href="#disk-image" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p><strong>Canonical Name</strong>: <code>disk.img</code></p>
<p>Infix runs from a block device (e.g. eMMC or virtio disk) with the
following layout. The disk is expected to use the GPT partitioning
scheme. Partitions marked with an asterisk are optional.</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>.-----------.
| GPT Table |
:-----------:
| boot* |
:-----------:
| aux |
:-----------:
| |
| primary |
| |
:-----------:
| |
| secondary |
| |
:-----------:
| cfg |
:-----------:
| |
| var* |
| |
&#39;-----------&#39;
</code></pre></div>
<h4 id="boot-bootloader"><code>boot</code> - Bootloader<a class="headerlink" href="#boot-bootloader" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Required</td>
<td>No</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>4 MiB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format</td>
<td>Raw binary, as dictated by the hardware</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Optional partition containing the system's bootloader. May also reside
in a separate storage device, e.g. a serial FLASH.</p>
<p>On x86_64, this partition holds the EFI system partition, containing
the GRUB bootloader.</p>
<h4 id="aux-auxiliary-data"><code>aux</code> - Auxiliary Data<a class="headerlink" href="#aux-auxiliary-data" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Required</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>4 MiB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format</td>
<td>EXT4 filesystem</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Holds information that is shared between Infix and its bootloader,
such as image signatures required to validate the chain of trust,
bootloader configuration etc.</p>
<p>Typical layout when using U-Boot bootloader:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><a id="__codelineno-0-1" name="__codelineno-0-1" href="#__codelineno-0-1"></a> /
<a id="__codelineno-0-2" name="__codelineno-0-2" href="#__codelineno-0-2"></a> ├ primary.itbh
<a id="__codelineno-0-3" name="__codelineno-0-3" href="#__codelineno-0-3"></a> ├ secondary.itbh
<a id="__codelineno-0-4" name="__codelineno-0-4" href="#__codelineno-0-4"></a> └ uboot.env
</code></pre></div>
<p>During boot, an ITB header along with the corresponding root
filesystem image are concatenated in memory, by U-Boot, to form a
valid FIT image that is used to verify its integrity and origin before
any files are extracted from it.</p>
<p>Note that the bootloader's primary environment is bundled in the
binary - <code>uboot.env</code> is only used to import a few settings that is
required to configure the boot order.</p>
<h4 id="primarysecondary-root-filesystems"><code>primary</code>/<code>secondary</code> - Root Filesystems<a class="headerlink" href="#primarysecondary-root-filesystems" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Required</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>&gt;= 256 MiB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format</td>
<td>Squash filesystem</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Holds the <a href="#squashfs-image">SquashFS Image</a>. Two copies exist so that
an incomplete upgrade does not brick the system, and to allow fast
rollbacks when upgrading to a new version.</p>
<h4 id="cfg-configuration-data"><code>cfg</code> - Configuration Data<a class="headerlink" href="#cfg-configuration-data" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Required</td>
<td>Yes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>&gt;= 16 MiB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format</td>
<td>EXT4 filesystem</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Non-volatile storage of the system configuration and user data.
Concretely, user data is everything stored under <code>/root</code> and <code>/home</code>.</p>
<h4 id="var-variable-data"><code>var</code> - Variable Data<a class="headerlink" href="#var-variable-data" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h4>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Parameter</th>
<th>Value</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Required</td>
<td>No</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Size</td>
<td>&gt;= 16 MiB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Format</td>
<td>EXT4 filesystem</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Persistent storage for everything under <code>/var</code>. This is maintained as
a separate filesystem from the data in <code>cfg</code>, because while the system
can funtion reasonably well without a persistent <code>/var</code>, loosing
<code>/cfg</code> or <code>/etc</code> is much more difficult.</p>
<p>If <code>var</code> is not available, Infix will still persist <code>/var/lib</code> using
<code>cfg</code> as the backing storage.</p>
<div class="footnote">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn:1">
<p>See <a href="../upgrade/">Upgrade &amp; Boot Order</a> for more information.&#160;<a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:1" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">&#8617;</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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