# Scripting with RESTCONF

RESTCONF provides a programmatic interface to both configuration and
operational data over HTTPS.  This guide shows practical examples using
`curl` to interact with the RESTCONF API.

All examples use the following conventions:

- **Host**: `example.local` (replace with your device hostname/IP)
- **Credentials**: `admin:admin` (default username:password)
- **HTTPS**: Self-signed certificates require `-k` flag in curl

## Helper Script

To simplify RESTCONF operations, create a `curl.sh` wrapper script:

```bash
#!/bin/sh
# RESTCONF CLI wrapper for curl

HOST=${HOST:-infix.local}
DATASTORE=running
AUTH=admin:admin

usage()
{
    cat <<EOF >&2
Usage: $0 [-v] [-h HOST] [-d DATASTORE] [-u USER:PASS] METHOD XPATH [CURL_ARGS...]

Options:
  -h HOST    Target host (default: infix.local)
  -d DS      Datastore: running, operational, startup (default: running)
  -u CREDS   Credentials as user:pass (default: admin:admin)
  -v         Verbose mode, use it to display variables and curl command

Methods: GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE
EOF
    exit "$1"
}

check()
{
    hint="Note: URL may be missing a module prefix (e.g., ietf-system:system)"
    resp="$1"
    url="$2"

    if ! command -v jq >/dev/null 2>&1; then
        printf "%s\n" "$resp"
        return
    fi

    case "$resp" in
        *"Syntax error"*)
            path_only="${url#*//}"

            # Check for common URL error(s), e.g., missing module prefix
            case "$path_only" in
                *":"*)
                    printf "%s\n" "$resp" | jq .
                    ;;
                *)
                    printf "%s\n" "$resp" | jq --arg hint "$hint" \
                           '.["ietf-restconf:errors"].error[] |= . + {comment: $hint}'
                    ;;
            esac
            ;;
        *)
            printf "%s\n" "$resp" | jq .
            ;;
    esac
}

while getopts "h:d:u:v" opt; do
    case $opt in
        h) HOST="$OPTARG"      ;;
        d) DATASTORE="$OPTARG" ;;
        u) AUTH="$OPTARG"      ;;
        v) VERBOSE=1           ;;
        *) usage 1 ;;
    esac
done
shift $((OPTIND - 1))

if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
    echo "Error: METHOD and XPATH are required" >&2
    usage 1
fi

METHOD=$1
XPATH=$2
shift 2

# Ensure XPATH starts with /
case "$XPATH" in
    /*) ;;
    *) XPATH="/$XPATH" ;;
esac

case "$DATASTORE" in
    running|startup)
        URL="https://${HOST}/restconf/data${XPATH}"
        ;;
    operational)
        URL="https://${HOST}/restconf/data${XPATH}"
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Error: Invalid datastore '$DATASTORE'. Use: running, operational, or startup" >&2
        exit 1
        ;;
esac

if [ "$VERBOSE" ]; then
    echo "DS     : $DATASTORE"
    echo "OP     : $METHOD"
    echo "XPATH  : $XPATH"
    echo "AUTH   : $AUTH"
    echo "=> URL : $URL"
    set -x
fi

RESP=$(/usr/bin/curl --silent                           \
    --insecure                                          \
    --user "${AUTH}"                                    \
    --request "${METHOD}"                               \
    --header "Content-Type: application/yang-data+json" \
    --header "Accept: application/yang-data+json"       \
    "$@"                                                \
    "${URL}")

check "$RESP" "$URL"
```

Make it executable:

```bash
~$ chmod +x curl.sh
```

This wrapper handles authentication, headers, SSL certificates, and URL
construction, making commands much cleaner. You can override defaults with
command-line options or environment variables:

```bash
# Using command-line options
~$ ./curl.sh -h 192.168.1.10 -d operational -u admin:secret GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces

# Using environment variables
~$ HOST=192.168.1.10 ./curl.sh GET /ietf-system:system
```

The examples below show both raw `curl` commands and the equivalent using
`curl.sh` where applicable.

## HTTP Methods in RESTCONF

RESTCONF uses standard HTTP methods to perform different operations on
configuration and operational data. Understanding when to use each method is
crucial for correct and safe operations.

### GET - Read Data

Retrieve configuration or operational data without making changes.

**When to use:**

- Reading current configuration
- Querying operational state (interface statistics, routing tables, etc.)
- Discovering what exists before making changes

**Characteristics:**

- Safe operation (no side effects)
- Can be repeated without consequences
- Works on both configuration and operational datastores

**Example:**
```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces
```

### PUT - Replace Resource

> [!DANGER] Heads-up!
> PUT replaces everything - missing fields will be deleted!

Replace an entire resource with new content.

**When to use:**

- Replacing entire datastore (backup/restore scenarios)
- Complete reconfiguration of a container
- When you want to ensure the resource matches exactly what you provide

**Characteristics:**

- Replaces all content at the target path
- Any existing data not in the PUT request is **removed**
- Requires complete, valid configuration
- Dangerous if you don't include all necessary fields

**Example:**
```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local PUT /ietf-system:system \
     -d '{"ietf-system:system":{"hostname":"newhost","contact":"admin@example.com"}}'
```

### PATCH - Merge/Update Resource

Partially update a resource by merging changes with existing data.

**When to use:**

- Modifying specific fields while preserving others
- Working with path-based NACM permissions
- Incremental configuration changes
- Safer alternative to PUT for most use cases

**Characteristics:**

- Merges changes with existing configuration
- Only specified fields are modified
- Unspecified fields remain unchanged
- Works with partial data structures
- NACM-friendly (respects path-based permissions)

**Example:**
```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local PATCH /ietf-interfaces:interfaces \
     -d '{"ietf-interfaces:interfaces":{"interface":[{"name":"e0","description":"WAN"}]}}'
```

> [!TIP] Best practice
> Use PATCH instead of PUT for most configuration updates.

### POST - Create New Resource

Create a new resource within a collection or invoke an RPC.

**When to use:**

- Adding new list entries (interfaces, users, routes, etc.)
- Creating resources at specific paths
- Invoking RPC operations (reboot, factory-reset, etc.)

**Characteristics:**

- Creates new resources
- For lists: adds a new element
- For RPCs: executes the operation
- Returns error if resource already exists (for configuration)

**Example - Add IP address:**
```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local POST \
     /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254 \
     -d '{"prefix-length": 32}'
```

**Example - Invoke RPC:**
```bash
~$ curl -kX POST -u admin:admin \
     -H "Content-Type: application/yang-data+json" \
     https://example.local/restconf/operations/ietf-system:system-restart
```

### DELETE - Remove Resource

Delete a resource or configuration element.

**When to use:**

- Removing interfaces, routes, users, etc.
- Deleting specific configuration items
- Cleaning up unwanted configuration

**Characteristics:**

- Removes the resource completely
- Cannot be undone (except by reconfiguration)
- Returns error if resource doesn't exist

**Example:**
```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local DELETE \
     /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254
```

### Quick Reference

| **Method** | **Use Case**            | **Safe?** | **Idempotent?** | **NACM Impact**          |
|------------|-------------------------|-----------|-----------------|--------------------------|
| GET        | Read data               | ✓         | ✓               | Read permissions         |
| PUT        | Replace entire resource | ✗         | ✓               | Full write access needed |
| PATCH      | Merge/update fields     | ✓         | ✓               | Path-specific write      |
| POST       | Create new/invoke RPC   | ✗         | ✗               | Create/exec permissions  |
| DELETE     | Remove resource         | ✗         | ✓               | Delete permissions       |

**Key takeaways:**

- **Use PATCH for updates** - Safer than PUT, works with NACM
- **Use PUT sparingly** - Only when you need complete replacement
- **GET is always safe** - Read as much as you need
- **POST for creation/RPCs** - Creating new items or executing operations
- **DELETE with care** - Cannot be undone

## Discovery & Common Patterns

Before working with specific configuration items, you often need to discover
what exists on the system. This section shows common discovery patterns and
practical workflows.

### Discovering Available Interfaces

**List all interface names:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces 2>/dev/null | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][].name'
lo
e0
e1
```

This is essential for automation - interface names vary by platform (eth0,
e1, enp0s3, etc.), so scripts should discover them rather than hardcode.

### Get API Capabilities

Discover what YANG modules are available:

```bash
~$ curl -kX GET -u admin:admin \
        -H 'Accept: application/yang-data+json' \
        https://example.local/restconf/data/ietf-yang-library:yang-library
```

This returns all supported YANG modules, revisions, and features.

### Get Entire Running Configuration

Useful for exploration or backup:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET / -o backup.json
```

### Common Workflow Patterns

#### Pattern 1: Find interface by IP address

Get all interfaces with IPs and search:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces 2>/dev/null \
     | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][] | select(.["ietf-ip:ipv4"]["address"][]?.ip == "192.168.1.100") | .name'
```

#### Pattern 2: List all interfaces that are down

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces 2>/dev/null \
     | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][] | select(.["oper-status"] == "down") | .name'
```

#### Pattern 3: Get statistics for all interfaces

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces 2>/dev/null \
     | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][] | "\(.name): RX \(.statistics["in-octets"]) TX \(.statistics["out-octets"])"'
```

Output:

```
lo: RX 29320 TX 29320
e0: RX 1847392 TX 892341
e1: RX 0 TX 0
```

#### Pattern 4: Check if interface exists before configuring

```bash
~$ if ./curl.sh -h example.local GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=eth0 2>/dev/null | grep -q "ietf-interfaces:interface"; then
     echo "Interface eth0 exists"
   else
     echo "Interface eth0 not found"
   fi
```

## Configuration Operations

### Read Hostname

Example of fetching JSON configuration data:

**Using curl directly:**

```bash
~$ curl -kX GET -u admin:admin \
        -H 'Accept: application/yang-data+json' \
        https://example.local/restconf/data/ietf-system:system/hostname
{
  "ietf-system:system": {
    "hostname": "foo"
  }
}
```

**Using curl.sh:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET /ietf-system:system/hostname
{
  "ietf-system:system": {
    "hostname": "foo"
  }
}
```

### Set Hostname

Example of updating configuration with inline JSON data:

**Using curl directly:**

```bash
~$ curl -kX PATCH -u admin:admin \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/yang-data+json' \
     -d '{"ietf-system:system":{"hostname":"bar"}}' \
     https://example.local/restconf/data/ietf-system:system
```

**Using curl.sh:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local PATCH /ietf-system:system \
     -d '{"ietf-system:system":{"hostname":"bar"}}'
```

### Update Interface Description

PATCH allows you to modify specific parts of the configuration without
replacing the entire container. This is particularly useful when working
with NACM (Network Access Control Model) permissions that grant access to
specific paths.

**Why use PATCH instead of PUT:**

- **Partial updates**: Only changes specified fields, preserves others
- **NACM-friendly**: Works with path-based access control rules
- **Safer**: Reduces risk of accidentally removing unrelated configuration

**Example - Modify an interface description:**

```bash
~$ curl -kX PATCH -u admin:admin \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/yang-data+json' \
     -d '{"ietf-interfaces:interfaces":{"interface":[{"name":"e0","description":"WAN Port"}]}}' \
     https://example.local/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces
```

**Using curl.sh:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local PATCH /ietf-interfaces:interfaces \
     -d '{"ietf-interfaces:interfaces":{"interface":[{"name":"e0","description":"WAN Port"}]}}'
```

**Formatted for readability:**

```bash
~$ curl -kX PATCH -u admin:admin \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/yang-data+json' \
     -d '{
       "ietf-interfaces:interfaces": {
         "interface": [
           {
             "name": "e0",
             "description": "WAN Port"
           }
         ]
       }
     }' \
     https://example.local/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces
```

**Key points:**

- PATCH URL targets the **container** (`/interfaces`), not a specific interface
- JSON body includes the full structure with the interface array
- Only specified fields are modified; other interface settings remain unchanged
- The `name` field identifies which interface to update

**Verify the change:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=e0 2>/dev/null \
     | jq '.["ietf-interfaces:interface"][0].description'
"WAN Port"
```

### Add IP Address to Interface

Add an IP address to the loopback interface:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local POST \
     /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254 \
     -d '{ "prefix-length": 32 }'
```

### Delete IP Address from Interface

Remove an IP address from the loopback interface:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local DELETE \
     /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254
```

### Copy Running to Startup

No copy command available yet to copy between datastores, and the
Rousette back-end also does not support "write-through" to the
startup datastore.

To save running-config to startup-config, fetch running to a local file
and then update startup with it:

**Using curl directly:**

```bash
~$ curl -kX GET -u admin:admin -o running-config.json \
        -H 'Accept: application/yang-data+json'       \
         https://example.local/restconf/ds/ietf-datastores:running

~$ curl -kX PUT -u admin:admin -d @running-config.json \
        -H 'Content-Type: application/yang-data+json'  \
        https://example.local/restconf/ds/ietf-datastores:startup
```

**Using curl.sh:**

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET / -o running-config.json
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d startup PUT / -d @running-config.json
```

## Operational Data

### Read Interface Configuration

Get the running configuration for the loopback interface:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo
```

### Read Interface Operational State

Get operational data (state, statistics, etc.) for an interface:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo
```

This includes administrative and operational state, MAC address, MTU, and
statistics counters.

### Read Interface Statistics

Extract specific statistics using `jq`:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=eth0 2>/dev/null \
     | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][0]["statistics"]["in-octets"]'
```

### List All Interfaces

Get operational data for all interfaces:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces
```

### Read Routing Table

Get the IPv4 routing table:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-routing:routing/ribs/rib=ipv4-default
```

### Read OSPF State

Get OSPF operational data (neighbors, routes, etc.):

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-routing:routing/control-plane-protocols/control-plane-protocol=ietf-ospf:ospfv2,default
```

Or get just the neighbor information:

```bash
~$ ./curl.sh -h example.local -d operational GET /ietf-routing:routing/control-plane-protocols/control-plane-protocol=ietf-ospf:ospfv2,default/ietf-ospf:ospf/areas/area=0.0.0.0/interfaces
```

## System Operations (RPCs)

### Factory Reset

Reset the system to factory defaults:

```bash
~$ curl -kX POST -u admin:admin \
        -H "Content-Type: application/yang-data+json" \
        https://example.local/restconf/operations/ietf-factory-default:factory-reset
curl: (56) OpenSSL SSL_read: error:0A000126:SSL routines::unexpected eof while reading, errno 0
```

> **Note:** The connection error is expected - the device resets immediately.

### System Reboot

Reboot the system:

```bash
~$ curl -kX POST -u admin:admin \
        -H "Content-Type: application/yang-data+json" \
        https://example.local/restconf/operations/ietf-system:system-restart
```

### Set Date and Time

Example of an RPC that takes input/arguments:

```bash
~$ curl -kX POST -u admin:admin \
        -H "Content-Type: application/yang-data+json" \
        -d '{"ietf-system:input": {"current-datetime": "2024-04-17T13:48:02-01:00"}}' \
        https://example.local/restconf/operations/ietf-system:set-current-datetime
```

Verify the change with SSH:

```bash
~$ ssh admin@example.local 'date'
Wed Apr 17 14:48:12 UTC 2024
```

## Advanced Examples

### Makefile for Common Operations

Create a `Makefile` to simplify common operations:

```makefile
HOST ?= infix.local

lo-running:
	./curl.sh -h $(HOST) GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo

lo-operational:
	./curl.sh -h $(HOST) -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo

lo-add-ip:
	./curl.sh -h $(HOST) POST \
	    /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254 \
	    -d '{ "prefix-length": 32 }'

lo-del-ip:
	./curl.sh -h $(HOST) DELETE \
	    /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=lo/ietf-ip:ipv4/address=192.168.254.254

%-stats:
	@./curl.sh -h $(HOST) -d operational GET /ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=$* 2>/dev/null \
	    | jq -r '.["ietf-interfaces:interfaces"]["interface"][0]["statistics"]["in-octets"]'

%-monitor:
	while sleep 0.2; do make -s HOST=$(HOST) $*-stats; done \
	    | ttyplot -t "$(HOST):$* in-octets" -r
```

Usage examples:

```bash
# Get loopback operational state
~$ make lo-operational

# Add IP to loopback
~$ make lo-add-ip

# Get eth0 statistics
~$ make eth0-stats

# Monitor eth0 traffic in real-time (requires ttyplot)
~$ make eth0-monitor
```

You can override the host:

```bash
~$ make HOST=192.168.1.10 lo-operational
```

### Monitoring Interface Traffic

The `%-monitor` target demonstrates real-time monitoring by polling
interface statistics and piping to `ttyplot` for visualization. Install
`ttyplot` with:

```bash
~$ sudo apt install ttyplot
```

Then monitor any interface:

```bash
~$ make eth0-monitor
```

This creates a live ASCII graph of incoming octets on `eth0`.

## References

- [RESTCONF Protocol (RFC 8040)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8040)
- [YANG Data Modeling Language (RFC 7950)](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7950)
- [ietf-interfaces YANG module](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8343)
- [ietf-routing YANG module](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8349)
- [ietf-system YANG module](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7317)