diff --git a/NEWS b/NEWS
index 13785b52..e0013d24 100644
--- a/NEWS
+++ b/NEWS
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 1.9.9.dev0
  * #635: Log the repository path or label on every relevant log message, not just some logs.
+ * #961: Add a passcommand hook so borgmatic can collect the encryption passphrase once and pass it
+   to Borg multiple times.
  * #981: Fix a "spot" check file count delta error.
  * #982: Fix for borgmatic "exclude_patterns" and "exclude_from" recursing into excluded
    subdirectories.
diff --git a/borgmatic/borg/environment.py b/borgmatic/borg/environment.py
index 5dc353e5..9244f162 100644
--- a/borgmatic/borg/environment.py
+++ b/borgmatic/borg/environment.py
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 import os
 
+import borgmatic.hooks.dispatch
+
 OPTION_TO_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = {
     'borg_base_directory': 'BORG_BASE_DIR',
     'borg_config_directory': 'BORG_CONFIG_DIR',
@@ -7,7 +9,6 @@ OPTION_TO_ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE = {
     'borg_files_cache_ttl': 'BORG_FILES_CACHE_TTL',
     'borg_security_directory': 'BORG_SECURITY_DIR',
     'borg_keys_directory': 'BORG_KEYS_DIR',
-    'encryption_passcommand': 'BORG_PASSCOMMAND',
     'encryption_passphrase': 'BORG_PASSPHRASE',
     'ssh_command': 'BORG_RSH',
     'temporary_directory': 'TMPDIR',
@@ -36,6 +37,24 @@ def make_environment(config):
         if value:
             environment[environment_variable_name] = str(value)
 
+    passphrase = borgmatic.hooks.dispatch.call_hook(
+        function_name='load_credential',
+        config=config,
+        hook_name='passcommand',
+        credential_name='encryption_passphrase',
+    )
+
+    # If the passcommand produced a passphrase, send it to Borg via an anonymous pipe.
+    if passphrase:
+        read_file_descriptor, write_file_descriptor = os.pipe()
+        os.write(write_file_descriptor, passphrase.encode('utf-8'))
+        os.close(write_file_descriptor)
+
+        # This, plus subprocess.Popen(..., close_fds=False) in execute.py, is necessary for the Borg
+        # child process to inherit the file descriptor.
+        os.set_inheritable(read_file_descriptor, True)
+        environment['BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD'] = str(read_file_descriptor)
+
     for (
         option_name,
         environment_variable_name,
diff --git a/borgmatic/execute.py b/borgmatic/execute.py
index 67a6aac3..8d850496 100644
--- a/borgmatic/execute.py
+++ b/borgmatic/execute.py
@@ -307,6 +307,8 @@ def execute_command(
         shell=shell,
         env=environment,
         cwd=working_directory,
+        # Necessary for the passcommand credential hook to work.
+        close_fds=not bool((extra_environment or {}).get('BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD')),
     )
     if not run_to_completion:
         return process
@@ -354,6 +356,8 @@ def execute_command_and_capture_output(
             shell=shell,
             env=environment,
             cwd=working_directory,
+            # Necessary for the passcommand credential hook to work.
+            close_fds=not bool((extra_environment or {}).get('BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD')),
         )
     except subprocess.CalledProcessError as error:
         if (
@@ -414,6 +418,8 @@ def execute_command_with_processes(
             shell=shell,
             env=environment,
             cwd=working_directory,
+            # Necessary for the passcommand credential hook to work.
+            close_fds=not bool((extra_environment or {}).get('BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD')),
         )
     except (subprocess.CalledProcessError, OSError):
         # Something has gone wrong. So vent each process' output buffer to prevent it from hanging.
diff --git a/borgmatic/hooks/credential/__init__.py b/borgmatic/hooks/credential/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/borgmatic/hooks/credential/passcommand.py b/borgmatic/hooks/credential/passcommand.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d84dacc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/credential/passcommand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import functools
+import logging
+import shlex
+
+import borgmatic.config.paths
+import borgmatic.execute
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def run_passcommand(passcommand, passphrase_configured, working_directory):
+    '''
+    Run the given passcommand using the given working directory and return the passphrase produced
+    by the command. But bail first if a passphrase is already configured; this mimics Borg's
+    behavior.
+
+    Cache the results so that the passcommand only needs to run—and potentially prompt the user—once
+    per borgmatic invocation.
+    '''
+    if passcommand and passphrase_configured:
+        logger.warning(
+            'Ignoring the "encryption_passcommand" option because "encryption_passphrase" is set'
+        )
+        return None
+
+    return borgmatic.execute.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        shlex.split(passcommand),
+        working_directory=working_directory,
+    )
+
+
+def load_credential(hook_config, config, credential_name):
+    '''
+    Given the hook configuration dict, the configuration dict, and a credential name to load, call
+    the configured passcommand to produce and return an encryption passphrase. In effect, we're
+    doing an end-run around Borg by invoking its passcommand ourselves. This allows us to pass the
+    resulting passphrase to multiple different Borg invocations without the user having to be
+    prompted multiple times.
+
+    If no passcommand is configured, then return None.
+
+    The credential name must be "encryption_passphrase"; that's the only supported credential with
+    this particular hook.
+    '''
+    if credential_name != 'encryption_passphrase':
+        raise ValueError(
+            f'Credential name "{credential_name}" is not supported for the passphrase credential hook'
+        )
+
+    passcommand = config.get('encryption_passcommand')
+
+    if not passcommand:
+        return None
+
+    passphrase = config.get('encryption_passphrase')
+    working_directory = borgmatic.config.paths.get_working_directory(config)
+
+    return run_passcommand(passcommand, bool(passphrase), working_directory)
diff --git a/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py b/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py
index d806fa68..26b0832c 100644
--- a/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py
+++ b/borgmatic/hooks/dispatch.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import importlib
 import logging
 import pkgutil
 
+import borgmatic.hooks.credential
 import borgmatic.hooks.data_source
 import borgmatic.hooks.monitoring
 
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class Hook_type(enum.Enum):
+    CREDENTIAL = 'credential'
     DATA_SOURCE = 'data_source'
     MONITORING = 'monitoring'
 
@@ -40,7 +42,11 @@ def call_hook(function_name, config, hook_name, *args, **kwargs):
     module_name = hook_name.split('_databases')[0]
 
     # Probe for a data source or monitoring hook module corresponding to the hook name.
-    for parent_module in (borgmatic.hooks.data_source, borgmatic.hooks.monitoring):
+    for parent_module in (
+        borgmatic.hooks.credential,
+        borgmatic.hooks.data_source,
+        borgmatic.hooks.monitoring,
+    ):
         if module_name not in get_submodule_names(parent_module):
             continue
 
@@ -62,8 +68,8 @@ def call_hook(function_name, config, hook_name, *args, **kwargs):
 def call_hooks(function_name, config, hook_type, *args, **kwargs):
     '''
     Given a configuration dict, call the requested function of the Python module corresponding to
-    each hook of the given hook type (either "data_source" or "monitoring"). Supply each call with
-    the configuration for that hook, and any given args and kwargs.
+    each hook of the given hook type ("credential", "data_source", or "monitoring"). Supply each
+    call with the configuration for that hook, and any given args and kwargs.
 
     Collect any return values into a dict from module name to return value. Note that the module
     name is the name of the hook module itself, which might be different from the hook configuration
@@ -88,9 +94,9 @@ def call_hooks(function_name, config, hook_type, *args, **kwargs):
 def call_hooks_even_if_unconfigured(function_name, config, hook_type, *args, **kwargs):
     '''
     Given a configuration dict, call the requested function of the Python module corresponding to
-    each hook of the given hook type (either "data_source" or "monitoring"). Supply each call with
-    the configuration for that hook and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return values into a
-    dict from hook name to return value.
+    each hook of the given hook type ("credential", "data_source", or "monitoring"). Supply each
+    call with the configuration for that hook and any given args and kwargs. Collect any return
+    values into a dict from hook name to return value.
 
     Raise AttributeError if the function name is not found in the module.
     Raise anything else that a called function raises. An error stops calls to subsequent functions.
diff --git a/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md b/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md
index 57803864..60aa33b7 100644
--- a/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md
+++ b/docs/how-to/provide-your-passwords.md
@@ -24,11 +24,30 @@ or security reasons, read on.
 borgmatic supports calling another application such as a password manager to 
 obtain the Borg passphrase to a repository.
 
-For example, to ask the *Pass* password manager to provide the passphrase:
+For example, to ask the [Pass](https://www.passwordstore.org/) password manager
+to provide the passphrase:
+
 ```yaml
-encryption_passcommand: pass path/to/borg-repokey
+encryption_passcommand: pass path/to/borg-passphrase
 ```
 
+Another example for [KeePassXC](https://keepassxc.org/):
+
+```yaml
+encryption_passcommand: keepassxc-cli show --show-protected --attributes Password credentials.kdbx borg_passphrase
+```
+
+... where `borg_passphrase` is the title of the KeePassXC entry containing your
+Borg encryption passphrase in its `Password` field.
+
+<span class="minilink minilink-addedin">New in version 1.9.9</span> Instead of
+letting Borg run the passcommand—potentially multiple times since borgmatic runs
+Borg multiple times—borgmatic now runs the passcommand itself and passes the
+resulting passprhase securely to Borg via an anonymous pipe. This means you
+should only ever get prompted for your password manager's passphrase at most
+once per borgmatic run.
+
+
 ### Using systemd service credentials
 
 Borgmatic supports using encrypted [credentials](https://systemd.io/CREDENTIALS/).
diff --git a/docs/reference/source-code.md b/docs/reference/source-code.md
index 5eab1a90..e15482e6 100644
--- a/docs/reference/source-code.md
+++ b/docs/reference/source-code.md
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ you get started. Starting at the top level, we have:
    * [commands](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/commands): Looking to add a new flag or action? Start here. This contains borgmatic's entry point, argument parsing, and shell completion. 
    * [config](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/config): Code responsible for loading, normalizing, and validating borgmatic's configuration. Interested in adding a new configuration option? Check out `schema.yaml` here.
    * [hooks](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/hooks): Looking to add a new database, filesystem, or monitoring integration? Start here.
+     * [credential](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/hooks/credential): Credential hooks—for loading passphrases and secrets from external providers.
      * [data_source](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/hooks/data_source): Database and filesystem hooks—anything that produces data or files to go into a backup archive.
      * [monitoring](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/borgmatic/hooks/monitoring): Monitoring hooks—integrations with third-party or self-hosted monitoring services.
  * [docs](https://projects.torsion.org/borgmatic-collective/borgmatic/src/branch/main/docs): How-to and reference documentation, including the document you're reading now.
diff --git a/tests/end-to-end/hooks/credential/__init__.py b/tests/end-to-end/hooks/credential/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/tests/end-to-end/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py b/tests/end-to-end/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e6c1c810
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/end-to-end/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import json
+import os
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import tempfile
+
+import pytest
+
+
+def generate_configuration(config_path, repository_path):
+    '''
+    Generate borgmatic configuration into a file at the config path, and update the defaults so as
+    to work for testing, including updating the source directories, injecting the given repository
+    path, and tacking on an encryption passcommand.
+    '''
+    subprocess.check_call(f'borgmatic config generate --destination {config_path}'.split(' '))
+    config = (
+        open(config_path)
+        .read()
+        .replace('ssh://user@backupserver/./sourcehostname.borg', repository_path)
+        .replace('- path: /mnt/backup', '')
+        .replace('label: local', '')
+        .replace('- /home/user/path with spaces', '')
+        .replace('- /home', f'- {config_path}')
+        .replace('- /etc', '')
+        .replace('- /var/log/syslog*', '')
+        + '\nencryption_passcommand: "echo test"'
+    )
+    config_file = open(config_path, 'w')
+    config_file.write(config)
+    config_file.close()
+
+
+def test_borgmatic_command():
+    # Create a Borg repository.
+    temporary_directory = tempfile.mkdtemp()
+    repository_path = os.path.join(temporary_directory, 'test.borg')
+    extract_path = os.path.join(temporary_directory, 'extract')
+
+    original_working_directory = os.getcwd()
+    os.mkdir(extract_path)
+    os.chdir(extract_path)
+
+    try:
+        config_path = os.path.join(temporary_directory, 'test.yaml')
+        generate_configuration(config_path, repository_path)
+
+        subprocess.check_call(
+            f'borgmatic -v 2 --config {config_path} repo-create --encryption repokey'.split(' ')
+        )
+
+        # Run borgmatic to generate a backup archive, and then list it to make sure it exists.
+        subprocess.check_call(f'borgmatic -v 2 --config {config_path}'.split(' '))
+        output = subprocess.check_output(
+            f'borgmatic --config {config_path} list --json'.split(' ')
+        ).decode(sys.stdout.encoding)
+        parsed_output = json.loads(output)
+
+        assert len(parsed_output) == 1
+        assert len(parsed_output[0]['archives']) == 1
+        archive_name = parsed_output[0]['archives'][0]['archive']
+    finally:
+        os.chdir(original_working_directory)
+        shutil.rmtree(temporary_directory)
diff --git a/tests/unit/borg/test_environment.py b/tests/unit/borg/test_environment.py
index 30b45746..33b4417e 100644
--- a/tests/unit/borg/test_environment.py
+++ b/tests/unit/borg/test_environment.py
@@ -3,13 +3,22 @@ from flexmock import flexmock
 from borgmatic.borg import environment as module
 
 
-def test_make_environment_with_passcommand_should_set_environment():
+def test_make_environment_with_passcommand_should_call_it_and_set_passphrase_file_descriptor_in_environment():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return('passphrase')
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').and_return((3, 4))
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('write')
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('close')
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('set_inheritable')
+
     environment = module.make_environment({'encryption_passcommand': 'command'})
 
-    assert environment.get('BORG_PASSCOMMAND') == 'command'
+    assert not environment.get('BORG_PASSCOMMAND')
+    assert environment.get('BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD') == '3'
 
 
 def test_make_environment_with_passphrase_should_set_environment():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'encryption_passphrase': 'pass'})
 
@@ -17,6 +26,8 @@ def test_make_environment_with_passphrase_should_set_environment():
 
 
 def test_make_environment_with_ssh_command_should_set_environment():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'ssh_command': 'ssh -C'})
 
@@ -24,6 +35,8 @@ def test_make_environment_with_ssh_command_should_set_environment():
 
 
 def test_make_environment_without_configuration_sets_certain_environment_variables():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({})
 
@@ -36,6 +49,8 @@ def test_make_environment_without_configuration_sets_certain_environment_variabl
 
 
 def test_make_environment_without_configuration_does_not_set_certain_environment_variables_if_already_set():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').with_args(
         'BORG_RELOCATED_REPO_ACCESS_IS_OK'
     ).and_return('yup')
@@ -48,6 +63,8 @@ def test_make_environment_without_configuration_does_not_set_certain_environment
 
 
 def test_make_environment_with_relocated_repo_access_true_should_set_environment_yes():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'relocated_repo_access_is_ok': True})
 
@@ -55,6 +72,8 @@ def test_make_environment_with_relocated_repo_access_true_should_set_environment
 
 
 def test_make_environment_with_relocated_repo_access_false_should_set_environment_no():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'relocated_repo_access_is_ok': False})
 
@@ -62,6 +81,8 @@ def test_make_environment_with_relocated_repo_access_false_should_set_environmen
 
 
 def test_make_environment_check_i_know_what_i_am_doing_true_should_set_environment_YES():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'check_i_know_what_i_am_doing': True})
 
@@ -69,6 +90,8 @@ def test_make_environment_check_i_know_what_i_am_doing_true_should_set_environme
 
 
 def test_make_environment_check_i_know_what_i_am_doing_false_should_set_environment_NO():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'check_i_know_what_i_am_doing': False})
 
@@ -76,6 +99,8 @@ def test_make_environment_check_i_know_what_i_am_doing_false_should_set_environm
 
 
 def test_make_environment_with_integer_variable_value():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.hooks.dispatch).should_receive('call_hook').and_return(None)
+    flexmock(module.os).should_receive('pipe').never()
     flexmock(module.os.environ).should_receive('get').and_return(None)
     environment = module.make_environment({'borg_files_cache_ttl': 40})
     assert environment.get('BORG_FILES_CACHE_TTL') == '40'
diff --git a/tests/unit/hooks/credential/__init__.py b/tests/unit/hooks/credential/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e69de29b
diff --git a/tests/unit/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py b/tests/unit/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be67b368
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/hooks/credential/test_passcommand.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+import pytest
+from flexmock import flexmock
+
+from borgmatic.hooks.credential import passcommand as module
+
+
+def test_run_passcommand_with_passphrase_configured_bails():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.execute).should_receive('execute_command_and_capture_output').never()
+
+    assert (
+        module.run_passcommand('passcommand', passphrase_configured=True, working_directory=None)
+        is None
+    )
+
+
+def test_run_passcommand_without_passphrase_configured_executes_passcommand():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.execute).should_receive(
+        'execute_command_and_capture_output'
+    ).and_return('passphrase').once()
+
+    assert (
+        module.run_passcommand('passcommand', passphrase_configured=False, working_directory=None)
+        == 'passphrase'
+    )
+
+
+def test_load_credential_with_unknown_credential_name_errors():
+    with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+        module.load_credential(hook_config={}, config={}, credential_name='wtf')
+
+
+def test_load_credential_with_configured_passcommand_runs_it():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.config.paths).should_receive('get_working_directory').and_return(
+        '/working'
+    )
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('run_passcommand').with_args(
+        'command', False, '/working'
+    ).and_return('passphrase').once()
+
+    assert (
+        module.load_credential(
+            hook_config={},
+            config={'encryption_passcommand': 'command'},
+            credential_name='encryption_passphrase',
+        )
+        == 'passphrase'
+    )
+
+
+def test_load_credential_with_configured_passphrase_and_passcommand_detects_passphrase():
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.config.paths).should_receive('get_working_directory').and_return(
+        '/working'
+    )
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('run_passcommand').with_args(
+        'command', True, '/working'
+    ).and_return(None).once()
+
+    assert (
+        module.load_credential(
+            hook_config={},
+            config={'encryption_passphrase': 'passphrase', 'encryption_passcommand': 'command'},
+            credential_name='encryption_passphrase',
+        )
+        is None
+    )
diff --git a/tests/unit/hooks/test_dispatch.py b/tests/unit/hooks/test_dispatch.py
index 80f8c046..8f3f8ecf 100644
--- a/tests/unit/hooks/test_dispatch.py
+++ b/tests/unit/hooks/test_dispatch.py
@@ -17,6 +17,9 @@ def test_call_hook_invokes_module_function_with_arguments_and_returns_value():
     config = {'super_hook': flexmock(), 'other_hook': flexmock()}
     expected_return_value = flexmock()
     test_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
@@ -39,6 +42,9 @@ def test_call_hook_probes_config_with_databases_suffix():
     config = {'super_hook_databases': flexmock(), 'other_hook': flexmock()}
     expected_return_value = flexmock()
     test_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
@@ -61,6 +67,9 @@ def test_call_hook_strips_databases_suffix_from_hook_name():
     config = {'super_hook_databases': flexmock(), 'other_hook_databases': flexmock()}
     expected_return_value = flexmock()
     test_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
@@ -83,6 +92,9 @@ def test_call_hook_without_hook_config_invokes_module_function_with_arguments_an
     config = {'other_hook': flexmock()}
     expected_return_value = flexmock()
     test_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
@@ -104,6 +116,9 @@ def test_call_hook_without_hook_config_invokes_module_function_with_arguments_an
 def test_call_hook_without_corresponding_module_raises():
     config = {'super_hook': flexmock(), 'other_hook': flexmock()}
     test_module = sys.modules[__name__]
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
@@ -121,6 +136,9 @@ def test_call_hook_without_corresponding_module_raises():
 
 def test_call_hook_skips_non_hook_modules():
     config = {'not_a_hook': flexmock(), 'other_hook': flexmock()}
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
+        module.borgmatic.hooks.credential
+    ).and_return(['other_hook'])
     flexmock(module).should_receive('get_submodule_names').with_args(
         module.borgmatic.hooks.data_source
     ).and_return(['other_hook'])
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_execute.py b/tests/unit/test_execute.py
index 7741526f..8de49912 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_execute.py
+++ b/tests/unit/test_execute.py
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -207,6 +208,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_output_file():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stderr=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -221,7 +223,14 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_without_capturing_output():
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('Popen').with_args(
-        full_command, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stdin=None,
+        stdout=None,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(wait=lambda: 0)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('interpret_exit_code').and_return(module.Exit_status.SUCCESS)
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
@@ -245,6 +254,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_input_file():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -266,6 +276,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_shell():
         shell=True,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -287,6 +298,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_extra_environment():
         shell=False,
         env={'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -308,6 +320,7 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_working_directory():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd='/working',
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -317,6 +330,28 @@ def test_execute_command_calls_full_command_with_working_directory():
     assert output is None
 
 
+def test_execute_command_with_BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD_leaves_file_descriptors_open():
+    full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
+    flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
+    flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('Popen').with_args(
+        full_command,
+        stdin=None,
+        stdout=module.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=module.subprocess.STDOUT,
+        shell=False,
+        env={'a': 'b', 'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'},
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=False,
+    ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
+    flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
+
+    output = module.execute_command(full_command, extra_environment={'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'})
+
+    assert output is None
+
+
 def test_execute_command_without_run_to_completion_returns_process():
     full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
     process = flexmock()
@@ -330,6 +365,7 @@ def test_execute_command_without_run_to_completion_returns_process():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(process).once()
     flexmock(module.borgmatic.logger).should_receive('Log_prefix').and_return(flexmock())
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -343,7 +379,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_stdout():
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        full_command, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
 
     output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(full_command)
@@ -357,7 +398,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_with_capture_stderr_returns_stderr()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        full_command, stderr=module.subprocess.STDOUT, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stderr=module.subprocess.STDOUT,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
 
     output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(full_command, capture_stderr=True)
@@ -372,7 +418,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_output_when_process_error_is
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        full_command, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_raise(subprocess.CalledProcessError(1, full_command, err_output)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('interpret_exit_code').and_return(
         module.Exit_status.SUCCESS
@@ -389,7 +440,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_raises_when_command_errors():
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        full_command, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_raise(subprocess.CalledProcessError(2, full_command, expected_output)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('interpret_exit_code').and_return(
         module.Exit_status.ERROR
@@ -405,7 +461,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_output_with_shell():
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        'foo bar', stderr=None, shell=True, env=None, cwd=None
+        'foo bar',
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=True,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
 
     output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(full_command, shell=True)
@@ -424,6 +485,7 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_output_with_extra_environmen
         shell=False,
         env={'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
 
     output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(
@@ -439,7 +501,12 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_output_with_working_director
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
-        full_command, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd='/working'
+        full_command,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd='/working',
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
 
     output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(
@@ -449,6 +516,29 @@ def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_returns_output_with_working_director
     assert output == expected_output
 
 
+def test_execute_command_and_capture_output_with_BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD_leaves_file_descriptors_open():
+    full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
+    expected_output = '[]'
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
+    flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
+    flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('check_output').with_args(
+        full_command,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env={'a': 'b', 'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'},
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=False,
+    ).and_return(flexmock(decode=lambda: expected_output)).once()
+
+    output = module.execute_command_and_capture_output(
+        full_command,
+        shell=False,
+        extra_environment={'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'},
+    )
+
+    assert output == expected_output
+
+
 def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command():
     full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
     processes = (flexmock(),)
@@ -462,6 +552,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -484,6 +575,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_returns_output_with_output_log_level_non
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(process).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs').and_return({process: 'out'})
 
@@ -506,6 +598,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_output_file():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stderr=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -520,7 +613,14 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_without_capturing_out
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
     flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
     flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('Popen').with_args(
-        full_command, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, shell=False, env=None, cwd=None
+        full_command,
+        stdin=None,
+        stdout=None,
+        stderr=None,
+        shell=False,
+        env=None,
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(wait=lambda: 0)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('interpret_exit_code').and_return(module.Exit_status.SUCCESS)
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
@@ -546,6 +646,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_input_file():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -567,6 +668,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_shell():
         shell=True,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -588,6 +690,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_extra_environmen
         shell=False,
         env={'a': 'b', 'c': 'd'},
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -611,6 +714,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_working_director
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd='/working',
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
 
@@ -621,6 +725,32 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_calls_full_command_with_working_director
     assert output is None
 
 
+def test_execute_command_with_processes_with_BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD_leaves_file_descriptors_open():
+    full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
+    processes = (flexmock(),)
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
+    flexmock(module.os, environ={'a': 'b'})
+    flexmock(module.subprocess).should_receive('Popen').with_args(
+        full_command,
+        stdin=None,
+        stdout=module.subprocess.PIPE,
+        stderr=module.subprocess.STDOUT,
+        shell=False,
+        env={'a': 'b', 'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'},
+        cwd=None,
+        close_fds=False,
+    ).and_return(flexmock(stdout=None)).once()
+    flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs')
+
+    output = module.execute_command_with_processes(
+        full_command,
+        processes,
+        extra_environment={'BORG_PASSPHRASE_FD': '4'},
+    )
+
+    assert output is None
+
+
 def test_execute_command_with_processes_kills_processes_on_error():
     full_command = ['foo', 'bar']
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_command')
@@ -637,6 +767,7 @@ def test_execute_command_with_processes_kills_processes_on_error():
         shell=False,
         env=None,
         cwd=None,
+        close_fds=True,
     ).and_raise(subprocess.CalledProcessError(1, full_command, 'error')).once()
     flexmock(module).should_receive('log_outputs').never()